Bioconcepts - Diabetes

Type II diabetes

abnormally-shaped, dysfunctional structural molecules of the body formed when glucose irreversibly binds to fat, protein, or nucleic acids as a result of chronic hyperglycemia

phenotypic similarity in twins

a metabolic waste product produced by the breakdown of muscle protein

a group of metabolic diseases characterized by persistently elevated blood glucose levels and associated abnormalities in lipid and protein metabolism

normal blood glucose levels

the filtering tissue of the kidneys composed of loops of capillaries that lie adjacent to the excretory ducts that connect to the ureters and bladder

nonenzymatic binding of glucose to other molecules such as proteins, fats, or nucleic acids

elevated level of blood glucose

abnormally low levels of albumin in blood

a protein hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas that regulates glucose levels in the body

Type I diabetes

unresponsiveness of cells to the effect of insulin, reducing their ability to absorb glucose, resulting in hyperglycemia

Type I diabetes

excretion of lipid in urine

a cell signaling system that phosphorylates molecules and is associated with tissue remodeling

a cluster of metabolic abnormalities defined as any combination of three of the following: abdominal obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, and abnormal blood lipid levels

the excretion of small but abnormal amounts of albumin, the primary protein within the serum of the circulatory system, into the urine often associated with early kidney damage

a combination of abnormal conditions associated with advanced renal disease consisting of hypoalbuminemia, proteinurea, edema, hyperlipidemia, and lipidurea

kidney disease

Type II diabetes

the cells of the pancreas that produce, store, and release insulin into the bloodstream, thereby regulating blood glucose levels

a group of receptor molecules within the cell nucleus that activate transcription of genes that regulate the breakdown and storage of fat

excessive thirst

excessive appetite

frequent urination

excretion of large amounts of protein in the urine, often, but not always associated with established kidney disease

a group of pharmacological agents that increase sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin-mediated glucose uptake

diabetes that results from destruction of the pancreatic beta cells causing inability to produce insulin

diabetes caused by either insufficient insulin production by pancreatic beta cells or peripheral insulin resistance

a metabolic waste product produced by the breakdown of protein