Unit 1- 4.txt

Extent to a drug reaches the site of action and is available to produce its effect.

Drugs produced by the process of bioengineering involving recombinant DNA technology.

Drug Formulation

Amount of drug required for one application or adimistration.

How frequently a drug dose is administered. ie four times a day

Dosage form or device designed to release a specific amount of drug

Any oral route drug administration

Drugs that are administered in minute quantities and stimulate natural body healing systems

Medical Materials

Study of the constituents of natural drugs that are responsible for their effect

Study of drugs and their interaction with living systems including chemical and physical properties, toxicology and therapeutics

Use of drugs for the treatment of disease

Science dealing with the study of poisions

The official name of a drug published in the compendium

Describes the molecular structure of a drug. The name determines its activity & side effects

Proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacture

Oral solid dosage form containing one or more active ingredoents, plus binders and fillers

Designed to realease in Layers. Disintegrates first in the stomach, then in small intestine.

Slow release to avoid stomach upset, improve absorption or prevent drug distruction in the stomach

Type of Delayed-Reaction Tablet. Do not dissolve in the stomach only the small interstine

Delivers content over time

Delivers content over time.

Easier to swallow and Improves taste

Dissolved under the tongue

Dissolves in the cheek pouch

Dissolve in the Mouth.

Suspensions, Solutions, Syrups, Elixirs, Tinctures and Emulsions

Contain liquid or granules within an oval casing.

Liquid containing undissolving particles (solute). Must be shaken before use & can be administered orally, topically, or rectally.

Liquid dosage form where drugs are completely dissolved.

Liquid drug form with high concentration of sucrose

Liquid drug form containing between 5-40% alcohol

Liquid drug form containing 17-80% alcohol

Liquid drug fom similar to suspension. Drugs suspended in oil (o/w) Suspended in water (w/o)

Semisolid preparations containing active ingredients in a petrolatum or another oily base

Semisolid emulsions. Vanishing creams are higher in water content (o/w). Cold creams are higher in oil (w/o)

Solid or semisolid dosage forms shaped and intended for insertion into a bodily function. Melt at body temp dispersing medicine

Controlled release devices that deliver medication across skin and into regular circulation.

Injectioned or infused directly into the blood vessel, muscle, skin or joint

Solutions Injected or infused directly into a vein

Solutions or suspensions injected deep into a skeletal muscle

Solutions and suspensuons injected just beneath the skin

Solutions are injected directly into a joint

Solutions are injected into the dermal layer ( allergy and TB tests )

Solutions are injected directly into the cerebrospinal fluid

Device that turns solutions into vapors that can be inhaled

Study of structural and functional changes that are produced by disease

Effects which extend beyond the area of a drugs administration.

Effects which do not extend beyond the area of a drugs administration.

One of the most effective ways to rapidly deliver drugs locally or into general circulation

Based on the drug properties, ease of administration, therapeutic objectives and pathophysiology.

Process involving the movement of drug molecules from administration site to the circulatory system

Drug that shows no statistical differences in the rate and extent of absorption when it is taken in the same strength, dosage form and route of administration as a brand name product.

Process of drug metabolism in the body that transforms a drug to a more active, equally active, or inactive metabolite

Passive movement of molecules across cell membranes from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Procress of movement of the drug from the circulatory system across barrier membranes, to the site of drug action

Times between the onset of action and discontinuation of drug action.

Process that results in drug removal from the body and discontinuation of drug action

Protein capable of causing a chemical reaction. Enzymes may increase the metabolism of drugs.

Process whereby the liver metabolizes nearly all of a drug before it passes into the general circulation

Length of time is takes for the drug concentration to be reducued by half. 8 half lives to fully eliminate

Water Loving

Water Hating

Chemical process involving the release of a proton (H+). Ionized drug molecules may have a positive or negative charge

Fat-like substance

Lipid Loving

Biochemical process involving transformation of active drugs to a compound that can be easily eliminated

Product of drug metabolism. Metabolites may be an inactivate drugs or active drugs with equal or greater activity than the parent drug

Time it takes a drug to reach the concentration necessary to produce a therapeutic effect

Maximum drug effect that a drug dose can produce once maximum concentration is reached

Contains the same active ingredient as the brand name drug; however, the strength and dosage form may be different

Drug that contains identical amount of active ingredients as a brand name drug but may have different inactive ingredients; be manufactured in a different dosage form; and exhibit different rates of absorption

Science dealing with the dynamic process a drug undergoes to produce ita therapeutic effect

Drug administered in an inactive form that activated once metabolized

Drug that contain different active ingredient(s) than the brand name drug yet produces the same desired therapeutic outcome

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination

Characteristics of the drug, the dosage form, route of administration, human anatomy and physiology.

Diffusion of a drug from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Most drugs are passively transported

Involve mechanisms that permit and carry the drug to move across cell membranes without regard to concentration

Measure of the acidic or basic nature of a substance.

• 1-6.9 - Acidic,
• 7 - Neutral,
• 7+ - Basic (Alkaline)

Properties of the drug, extent of drug binding to blood proteins, blood supply to the region and ability of the drug to cross natural body barriers

Liver Function, Disease, Age, Drug Interactions, Genetics, Nutrition and Gender

Filter the blood as it passes through the kidneys

Kidney Function, Disease, Drug Ionization, Drug Interactions

Attraction that the receptor site has for a drug

Drug that binds to its receptor site and stimulates a cellular response

Drug that binds to a receptor site but does nt peoduce an action, only block the action of others.

A drug must interact or bind with targeted cells on the body if an action is to be produced

Measure of the drug's effectiveness

Serious adverse reaction that occurs in the liver

Unexpected Drug Reaction

Drug that has affinity and activity. It can switch "on" a receptor that is switched off or switch "off" an activated receptor

Manner in which a drug produces its effect

Serious adverse effect that occurs in the kidney

Drug that binds to the same receptor site as the antagonist or an alternative receptor site, preventing the agonist from binding to and producing its desired action

Drug that behaves like an agonist under some conditions and acts like an antagonists under different conditions

Study of drugs and their action on the living organism

Use of drugs in the treatment of disease.

The amount of drug required to produce a response. The effective dose concentration.

Location of drug-cell binding

Ratio of the effective dose to the lethal dose. Wide is safe; Narrow less safe

The stimulation of a second receptor site in order for desired drug effect to be produced.

Shows a drugs relative efficacy and potency. Ie steep curve means a small change in dose creates a large response

Reached when receptor sites are saturated or at their maximum possible effect

Age, Weight, Gender, Genetics, Disease, Pregnancy

A patients excessive reaction to a drug due to hypersensitivity. Mild rash to anaphylactic shock

Reapeat exposure to a drug can cause a decrease in response to it

ADRs which produce harm to a developing fetus

Drugs and natural products which stimulate the growth of cancer cells

A patients correct and religeous use of their pharmatherapy.

Patient belief that it is beneficial; ADRs; Lack of routine; resonable scheduling; ease of administration and affordability.

Increased drug effect when a second SIMILAR drug is added to the therapy. The effect is greater then either drug alone. Sleeping pills plus alcohol.

Drug-drug or Food-drug interaction that causes decrease in drug function

Condition under which a drug is not indicated and should not be administered

Drugs which can worsen a patients medical comdition and should be avoided

Reaction that occurs when two or more drugs are administered at the same time

Altered drug response when a drug is consumed with certain foods

Error made in the process of prescribing, transcribing, preparing, dispensing or administration

Process where a drug acting at a different site, increases potency of another drug yet produces no effect if taken alone

Drug-drug or Food-drug interaction which produces a greater effect that either drug could produce on their own. Warfarin plus blood thinners

Two drugs that produce similar effects and side effects. May belong to the same therapeutic class

Solid particles that form in IV solutions if acids and bases are mixed. BAD!

Miscommunication, Poor handwritting, similar drug names, misuse of decimals and zeros, wrong abbrevs and measurement confusion

Verify spelling and strength; verify unfamiliar abbrevs; never guess; double checks; check identification; verify calculations; check labels