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Bioavailability
Extent to a drug reaches the site of action and is available to produce its effect.
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Biopharmaceuticals
Drugs produced by the process of bioengineering involving recombinant DNA technology.
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Dosage Forms
Drug Formulation
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Dose
Amount of drug required for one application or adimistration.
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Dosing Schedule
How frequently a drug dose is administered. ie four times a day
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Drug Delivery System
Dosage form or device designed to release a specific amount of drug
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Enteral
Any oral route drug administration
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Homeopathic Medicine
Drugs that are administered in minute quantities and stimulate natural body healing systems
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Materia Medica
Medical Materials
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Pharmacognosy
Study of the constituents of natural drugs that are responsible for their effect
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Pharmacology
Study of drugs and their interaction with living systems including chemical and physical properties, toxicology and therapeutics
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Pharmacotherapy
Use of drugs for the treatment of disease
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Toxicology
Science dealing with the study of poisions
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Generic Name
The official name of a drug published in the compendium
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Chemical Name
Describes the molecular structure of a drug. The name determines its activity & side effects
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Brand Name
Proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacture
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Tablets
Oral solid dosage form containing one or more active ingredoents, plus binders and fillers
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Repeat-Action Tablets
Designed to realease in Layers. Disintegrates first in the stomach, then in small intestine.
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Delayed-Action Tablet
Slow release to avoid stomach upset, improve absorption or prevent drug distruction in the stomach
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Enteric-Coated Tablet
Type of Delayed-Reaction Tablet. Do not dissolve in the stomach only the small interstine
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Sustained - Release Tablets
Delivers content over time
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Time-Release Tablet
Delivers content over time.
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Film or Sugar Coating
Easier to swallow and Improves taste
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Sublingual Tablet
Dissolved under the tongue
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Buccal Tablet
Dissolves in the cheek pouch
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Troches & Lozenges
Dissolve in the Mouth.
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Oral Liquids
Suspensions, Solutions, Syrups, Elixirs, Tinctures and Emulsions
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Capsules
Contain liquid or granules within an oval casing.
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Suspensions
Liquid containing undissolving particles (solute). Must be shaken before use & can be administered orally, topically, or rectally.
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Solutions
Liquid dosage form where drugs are completely dissolved.
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Syrups
Liquid drug form with high concentration of sucrose
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Elixirs
Liquid drug form containing between 5-40% alcohol
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Tincture
Liquid drug form containing 17-80% alcohol
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Emulsions
Liquid drug fom similar to suspension. Drugs suspended in oil (o/w) Suspended in water (w/o)
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Ointments
Semisolid preparations containing active ingredients in a petrolatum or another oily base
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Creams
Semisolid emulsions. Vanishing creams are higher in water content (o/w). Cold creams are higher in oil (w/o)
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Suppositories
Solid or semisolid dosage forms shaped and intended for insertion into a bodily function. Melt at body temp dispersing medicine
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Transdermal Patches
Controlled release devices that deliver medication across skin and into regular circulation.
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Parental drugs
Injectioned or infused directly into the blood vessel, muscle, skin or joint
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Intravenous
Solutions Injected or infused directly into a vein
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Intramuscular
Solutions or suspensions injected deep into a skeletal muscle
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Subcutaneous
Solutions and suspensuons injected just beneath the skin
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Intraarticular
Solutions are injected directly into a joint
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Intradermal
Solutions are injected into the dermal layer ( allergy and TB tests )
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Intrathecal
Solutions are injected directly into the cerebrospinal fluid
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Nebulizer
Device that turns solutions into vapors that can be inhaled
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Pathophysiology
Study of structural and functional changes that are produced by disease
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Systemic Effect
Effects which extend beyond the area of a drugs administration.
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Local Effect
Effects which do not extend beyond the area of a drugs administration.
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Inhalation
One of the most effective ways to rapidly deliver drugs locally or into general circulation
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Selection of Administration Route
Based on the drug properties, ease of administration, therapeutic objectives and pathophysiology.
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Absorption
Process involving the movement of drug molecules from administration site to the circulatory system
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Bioequivalent drug
Drug that shows no statistical differences in the rate and extent of absorption when it is taken in the same strength, dosage form and route of administration as a brand name product.
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Biotransformation
Process of drug metabolism in the body that transforms a drug to a more active, equally active, or inactive metabolite
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Diffusion
Passive movement of molecules across cell membranes from an area of high concentration to low concentration
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Distribution
Procress of movement of the drug from the circulatory system across barrier membranes, to the site of drug action
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Duration of Action
Times between the onset of action and discontinuation of drug action.
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Elimination
Process that results in drug removal from the body and discontinuation of drug action
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Enzyme
Protein capable of causing a chemical reaction. Enzymes may increase the metabolism of drugs.
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First-Pass Effect
Process whereby the liver metabolizes nearly all of a drug before it passes into the general circulation
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Half-Life (T 1/2)
Length of time is takes for the drug concentration to be reducued by half. 8 half lives to fully eliminate
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Ionization
Chemical process involving the release of a proton (H+). Ionized drug molecules may have a positive or negative charge
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Metabolism
Biochemical process involving transformation of active drugs to a compound that can be easily eliminated
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Metabolite
Product of drug metabolism. Metabolites may be an inactivate drugs or active drugs with equal or greater activity than the parent drug
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Onset of Action
Time it takes a drug to reach the concentration necessary to produce a therapeutic effect
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Peak Effect
Maximum drug effect that a drug dose can produce once maximum concentration is reached
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Pharmaceutical Alternative
Contains the same active ingredient as the brand name drug; however, the strength and dosage form may be different
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Pharmaceutical Equivalent
Drug that contains identical amount of active ingredients as a brand name drug but may have different inactive ingredients; be manufactured in a different dosage form; and exhibit different rates of absorption
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Pharmacokinetics
Science dealing with the dynamic process a drug undergoes to produce ita therapeutic effect
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Prodrug
Drug administered in an inactive form that activated once metabolized
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Therapeutic Alternative
Drug that contain different active ingredient(s) than the brand name drug yet produces the same desired therapeutic outcome
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Pharmacokinetic Phases
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination
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Factors Effecting Absorption
Characteristics of the drug, the dosage form, route of administration, human anatomy and physiology.
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Passive Transport
Diffusion of a drug from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Most drugs are passively transported
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Active Transport
Involve mechanisms that permit and carry the drug to move across cell membranes without regard to concentration
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pH
Measure of the acidic or basic nature of a substance.
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pH Levels
- 1-6.9 - Acidic,
- 7 - Neutral,
- 7+ - Basic (Alkaline)
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Factors Effecting Distribution
Properties of the drug, extent of drug binding to blood proteins, blood supply to the region and ability of the drug to cross natural body barriers
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Factors Effecting Metabolism
Liver Function, Disease, Age, Drug Interactions, Genetics, Nutrition and Gender
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Nephrons
Filter the blood as it passes through the kidneys
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Factors Effecting Elimination
Kidney Function, Disease, Drug Ionization, Drug Interactions
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Affinity
Attraction that the receptor site has for a drug
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Agonist
Drug that binds to its receptor site and stimulates a cellular response
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Antagonist
Drug that binds to a receptor site but does nt peoduce an action, only block the action of others.
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Drug-Receptor Theory
A drug must interact or bind with targeted cells on the body if an action is to be produced
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Efficacy
Measure of the drug's effectiveness
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Hepatoxicity
Serious adverse reaction that occurs in the liver
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Idiosyncratic Reaction
Unexpected Drug Reaction
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Inverse Agonist
Drug that has affinity and activity. It can switch "on" a receptor that is switched off or switch "off" an activated receptor
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Mechanism of Action (MOA)
Manner in which a drug produces its effect
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Nephrotoxicity
Serious adverse effect that occurs in the kidney
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Noncompetitive Antagonist
Drug that binds to the same receptor site as the antagonist or an alternative receptor site, preventing the agonist from binding to and producing its desired action
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Partial Agonist
Drug that behaves like an agonist under some conditions and acts like an antagonists under different conditions
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Pharmacodynamics
Study of drugs and their action on the living organism
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Pharmacotherapeutics
Use of drugs in the treatment of disease.
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Potency
The amount of drug required to produce a response. The effective dose concentration.
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Receptor Site
Location of drug-cell binding
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Therapeutic Index (TI)
Ratio of the effective dose to the lethal dose. Wide is safe; Narrow less safe
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Second Messenger
The stimulation of a second receptor site in order for desired drug effect to be produced.
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Dose-Response Curve
Shows a drugs relative efficacy and potency. Ie steep curve means a small change in dose creates a large response
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Ceiling Effect
Reached when receptor sites are saturated or at their maximum possible effect
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Patient Physiological Factors
Age, Weight, Gender, Genetics, Disease, Pregnancy
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Immunologic Factor
A patients excessive reaction to a drug due to hypersensitivity. Mild rash to anaphylactic shock
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Desensitization
Reapeat exposure to a drug can cause a decrease in response to it
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Teratogenicity
ADRs which produce harm to a developing fetus
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Carcinogenicity
Drugs and natural products which stimulate the growth of cancer cells
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Drug Adherence
A patients correct and religeous use of their pharmatherapy.
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Drug Adherence Factors
Patient belief that it is beneficial; ADRs; Lack of routine; resonable scheduling; ease of administration and affordability.
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Additive Effect
Increased drug effect when a second SIMILAR drug is added to the therapy. The effect is greater then either drug alone. Sleeping pills plus alcohol.
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Antagonism
Drug-drug or Food-drug interaction that causes decrease in drug function
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Drug Contraindication
Condition under which a drug is not indicated and should not be administered
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Drug-disease Contraindication
Drugs which can worsen a patients medical comdition and should be avoided
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Drug-drug Interaction
Reaction that occurs when two or more drugs are administered at the same time
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Drug-food Interaction
Altered drug response when a drug is consumed with certain foods
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Medication Error
Error made in the process of prescribing, transcribing, preparing, dispensing or administration
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Potentiation
Process where a drug acting at a different site, increases potency of another drug yet produces no effect if taken alone
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Synergistic Effect
Drug-drug or Food-drug interaction which produces a greater effect that either drug could produce on their own. Warfarin plus blood thinners
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Therapeutic Duplication
Two drugs that produce similar effects and side effects. May belong to the same therapeutic class
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Precipitate
Solid particles that form in IV solutions if acids and bases are mixed. BAD!
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Factors Effecting Transcription Errors
Miscommunication, Poor handwritting, similar drug names, misuse of decimals and zeros, wrong abbrevs and measurement confusion
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Avoiding Medication Errors
Verify spelling and strength; verify unfamiliar abbrevs; never guess; double checks; check identification; verify calculations; check labels
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