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brainsc
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What is another name for a mother board?
system board or planar board
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What is BIOS?
basic input output system
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ATX
Advanced Technology Extended motherboard
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Advanced Technology Extended (ATX) motherboard
- processor and slots at right anles to expansion cards
- runs cooler
- can have full length expansion cards
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Micro ATX
- enhanced cooling but smaller footprint
- sacrifice quantity of slots, mods, etc.
- lower wattage
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NLX
New Low-profile Extended
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New Low-profile Extended
- x slots on a special riser card
- use reduced vertical space optimally
- adapter cards plug in parallel to motherboard
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Daughter board
adapter card
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BTX
Balance Technology Extended
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Balance Technology Extended
- line up heat producers with air intake and exhaust fan
- CPU and components cooled by passive heat sinks
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Chipset
collection of chips/circuits that perform interface and peripheral functions for the processor
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Northbridge
- manages high-speed peripheral communications
- integrated video and processor to memory
- manages communication between Southbridge and rest of computer
- data "traffic cop"
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Frontside Bus
signal pathways between CPU and main memory
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Backside Bus
signal pathways between CPU and Level 2 cache memory
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Southbridge chipset
- manages communications between peripherals and the rest of the computer
- including expasion buses
- also includes LAN, audio, infrared, and FireWire
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Peripherals
PS/2, Parallel, IDE, etc.
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Expansion buses
PCI, USB, legacy buses (Serial)
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ISA Expansion Slots
- Industry Standard Architecture
- pre 1997
- black
- shorter part and longer part
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PCI Expansion Slots
- Peripheral Component Interconnect
- 3" long and white
- Pentium-class or higher
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AGP Expansion Slots
- Accelerated Graphics Port
- for 3D graphics
- direct connect btwn vid circuitry and PC's mem
- brown and shorter than PCI
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PCIe Expansion Slots
- PCI Express
- Faster than AGP
- flexible like PCI
- maintain PCI for backwards compatibility
- 7 speeds cooresponding to lengths
- 1X, 2X, 4X, 8X, 12X, 16X, 32X
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PCIe concept of lanes
- multiple units of communication between 2 PCIe components
- directly related to physical wiring of the bus
- can plug smaller card into larger slot
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AMR Expansion Slots
- Audio Moden Riser
- 46 pin slot
- audio and modem could be certified seperately
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CNR Expansion Slots
- Communications and Networking Riser
- 60 pin slot
- integrated board with possiblity for enhancement
- network, Plug and Play, hardware excelleration
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Primary memory
used to store (RAM) currently used data and instructions for the CPU
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DIMMs
- Dual Inline Memory Modules
- used in PCs
- differ in the number of pins
- 168-, 184-, 240-
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SoDIMMs and MicroDIMMs
- Small Outline DIMMs
- used in laptops
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VRAM
- Virtual RAM
- hard drive space used to deliver information to RAM faster
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cache memory
- very fast form of memory forged from static RAM
- predicts what the CPU wants next and pre-fetches it
- only the most recent info
- external cache or Level 2 (L2) cache
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Socket
flat with several rows of holes arranged in a square
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PAC
- Pin Array Cartridge
- works on very low insertion force (VLIP) principle
- eg.: Intel Itanium
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IDE
- Integrated Drive Electronics
- aka ATA
- upper limit of 528MB per logical drive
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ATA
- Advanced Technology Attachment
- aka IDE
- upper limit of 528MB per logical drive
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EIDE
- Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics
- upper limit of 8GB per logical drive
- increased to 144PB
- (PB = petabyte = 2^50)
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PATA
- Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment
- 40-pin header
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SATA
- Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
- Higher data throughput than parallelATA
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PS/2
- Keyboard connector
- 6-pin mini-DIN
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Header connection
- allows you to mount the ports to the computer's case
- on the backpane
- uses a special cable called a header
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Header
male connector that terminates the motherboard's traces for that function
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Direct-sodder method
- mostly used in integrated motherboards
- no cables
- port is part of the mb
- ports can be disabled in BIOS setup
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BIOS Chip
- Basic Input/Output System chip
- contains software
- tells processor how to interact with the rest of the hardware in the computer
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CMOS chip
- Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor chip
- parameter memory for the BIOS
- saves date, time, hard drive config, and memory when computer is unplugged
- powered by watch-sized battery
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Jumpers and DIP Switches
used to configure various hardware options on the mb
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Firmware
- software that is encoded into a read-only memory chiop
- can be run with out extra instruction for the OS
- Ex.: CMOS setup program
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PGA
- Pin Grid Array
- processor socket
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SECC
- Single Edge Contact Cartridge
- PGA-type socket on a special expansion card
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Hyperthreading
- appear to the OS as two processors
- can schedule two precesses at the same time
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Superscalar processors
able to have multiple instructions operating on separate data in parallel
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Multicore
- has two completely separate processors in the same package
- OSs can treat the single processor as if it were two separate processors
- must support SMP
- apps must be written for parrallel processing
- Ex.: Dual-core
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SMP
- Symmetric Multiproccessing
- two or more processors use the same system resources
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Throttling
- aka, clamping
- controlling how much CPU time is spent on an app
- treate all apps more fairly
- important for server environments
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Mircocode
- set of instructions that make up the various microprograms that the processor executes while carrying out its various duties
- Ex.: Multimedia Extentions (MMX)
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Overclocking
- offers increased performance
- must be specially cooled
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L1 Cashe
Located on the CPU
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L2 Cashe
larger and located on the motherboard
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Voltage Regulator Module (p30)
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