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Abduction
Moves away from the midline.
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achilles tendinitis
Inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on the tendon.
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adduction
Moves toward the midline.
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kinesiology
The study of muscular activity and the resulting movement of the parts.
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circumduction
The circular movement of a limb at the far end.
ex. swinging motion of the far end of the arm when throwing a ball.
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supination
Is the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot is turned forward or upward.
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pronation
The act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.
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dorsiflexion
Bends the foot upward at the ankle.
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oblique
Means slanted or at an angle.
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sphincter
A ringlike muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.
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fasciitis
Inflammation of the fascia.
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tenalgia
Pain in the tendon.
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tendinitis
An inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint.
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adhesion
A band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.
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myalgia
Muscle tenderness or pain.
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myolysis
The degeneration (breaking down) of muscle tissue.
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myositis
Inflammation of a muscle tissue, especially skeletal muscles.
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polymyositis
A chronic, progressive disease affecting the skeletal muscles that is characterized by muscle weakness and atrophy.
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myomalacia
Abnormal softening of muscle tissue.
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myorrhexis
The rupture of a muscle.
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myocele
The protrusion of a muscle through its ruptured sheath or fascia.
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atonic
The lack of normal nuscle tone.
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dystonia
A condition of abnormal muscle tone.
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hypertonia
A condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles with an increased resistance of muscle to passive stretching.
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hypotonia
A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles with decreased resistance of muscle to passive streching.
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myotonia
The delayed relaxation of a muscle after a strong contraction.
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ataxia
An inability to coordinate the muscles in the execution of voluntary movement.
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dystaxia
aka: partial ataxia
Difficulty in controlling voluntary movement.
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contracture
An abnormal shortening of a muscle tissues, making the muscle resistant to streching.
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spasmodic torticollis
aka: wryneck
A stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side.
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bradykinesia
Extreme slowness in movement.
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dyskinesia
Distortion or impairment of voluntary movement as in a tic or spasm.
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hyperkinesia
aka: hyperactivity
Abnormally increased motor function or activity.
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hypokinesia
Abnormally decreased motor function or activity.
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tardive dyskinesia
The late appearance of dyskinesia as a side effect of long-term treatment with certaing antipsychotic drugs.
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myoclonus
A spasm or twitching of a muscle or group of muscles.
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singultus
aka: hiccups
myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm.
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myasthenia
Muscle weakness from any cause.
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myasthenia gravis
aka: MG
A chronic autoimmune disease in which there is an abnormality in the neuromuscular function causing episodes of muscle weakness.
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muscular dystrophy
A group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system.
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Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Appears from two to six years of age and progresses slowly.
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Becker's muscular dystrophy
A less severe illness and does not appear until early adolescence or adulthood.
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fibromyalgia syndrome
A chronic disorder of unknown cause, characterized by widespread aching pain, tender points, and fatigue.
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ergonomics
The study of human factors taht affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment.
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myofascial damage
Can be caused by overworking the muscles, results in ternderness and swelling of the muscles and their surrounding tissues.
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impingement syndrme
Occurs when the tendons become inflamed and get caught in the narrow space between the bones within the sholder joint.
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carpal tunnel syndrome
Occurs when the tendons passing through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.
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cervical radiculopathy
Nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region.
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epicondylitis
Inflammaton of the tissues surronding the elbow.
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myoparesis
A weakness or slight paralysis of a muscle.
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hemiparesis
Slight paralysis of one side of the body.
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paraplegia
The paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.
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quadriplegia
The paralysis of all four extremities.
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hemiplegia
The total paralysis of one side of the body.
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cardioplegia
Paralysis of the muscles of the heart.
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electromyography
aka: EMG
Records the strength of muscle contractions as the result of electrical stimulation.
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electroneuromyography
aka: nerve conduction studies
A procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity by the electric stimulation of the nerve trunk that carries fibers to and from the muscle.
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atropine
An antispasmodic that may be administered preoperatively to relax smooth muscles.
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fasciotomy
A surgical incision of the fascia.
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fascioplasty
The surgical repair of a fascia.
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tenectomy
The surgical removal of a lesion from a tendon or tendon sheath.
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tenodesis
To suture the end of a tendon to bone.
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tenolysis
To free a tendon from adhesions.
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tendonectomy
The surgical removal of part of a tendon for the purpose of shortening it.
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tenotomy
aka: tendotomy
The surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by the abnormal shortening of a muscle such as strabimus (crossed eyes).
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tenoplasty
aka: tendoplasty
The surgical repair of a tendon.
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tenorrhaphy
The suturing of a divided tendon.
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myectomy
The surgical removal of a portion of a muscle.
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myoplasty
The surgical repair of a muscle.
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myorrhaphy
To suture a muscle wound.
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atrophy
weakness and wasting away.
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anticholinergic drug
aka: antispasmodic
Acts to control spasmodic activity of the smooth muscles such as those of the intestine.
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fascia
The sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle.
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ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
Means tendon
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-plasty
Means surgical repair
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-ectomy
Means surgical removal
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-desis
Means to bind or tie together
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-cele
Means hernia, tumor, swelling
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