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Arteries do what?
Carry blood away from the heart.
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Veins do what?
Carry blood to the heart.
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What is the apex?
The pointed end of the heart, that extends toward the left side of the thorax at the level of the 12th rib.
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What is the pericardium?
Envelopes the heart & the blood vessels.
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Name the layers of the heart, starting from the outer layer to the inner layer;
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
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What 2 chambers are the upper chambers that receive blood being returned to the heart by the veins?
Atria
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What 2 chambers are the lower chambers that pumps blood into the arteries carrying blood away from the heart?
Ventricles
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What separates the L & R Atria?
Interatrial septum.
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What separates the L & R Ventricles?
Interventricular septum.
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What ventricle has a thicker muscular wall? And why is it thicker?
The left ventricle, it pumps blood to the entire body, except the lungs.
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What is the function of the right atrium?
Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior & inferior venae cavae & passes the blood through the tricuspid A-V valve to the right ventricle.
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What is the function of the right ventricle?
Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium & pumps blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk.
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What is the function of the left atrium?
Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins & passes blood through the bicuspid valve A-V valve to the left ventricle.
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What is the function of the left ventricle?
Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium & pumps blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta.
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What A-V valve is located between the right atrium & the right ventricle?
The tricuspid valve.
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Where is the bicuspid/mitral valve located at?
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
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What provides structural support and serves as a insulation separating the electrical activity of the atria & ventricles?
Fibrous skeleton.
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Where is the pulmonary semilunar valve located?
At the base of the pulmonary trunk.
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Where is the aortic semilunar valve located?
At the base of the aorta.
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What is systole?
Contraction.
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What is diastole?
Relaxation.
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What produces the lub-dub sound?
The closing of the atrioventricular valves (A-V), and the closing of the semilunar valves.
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The superior vena cava returns blood from the _____?
Head, neck, shoulders, and arms.
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The inferior vena cava returns blood from ______?
Regions below the heart.
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The right ventricle pump blood into what?
The pulmonary trunk.
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The pulmonary trunk branches to form what?
The left and right pulmonary arteries (carries blood to the lungs).
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What ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta?
The left ventricle.
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What is known as the pacemaker of the heart, and where is it located?
The sinoatrial node, located in the right atrium.
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Where is the atrioventricular node located?
In the right atrium near the junction with the ventricular septum.
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What is a group of large fibers that divide into left and right branches extending down the ventricular septum and up the lateral walls of the ventricles?
A-V bundle (bundle of His).
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What arises from the branches of the A-V bundle and carries the impulses to the myocardium of the ventricles?
Purkinje fibers.
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The P wave is produced by what?
The depolarization of the atria.
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The QRS wave is produced by what?
The depolarization of the ventricles.
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The T wave is produced by what?
The repolarization of the ventricular myocardium.
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What is cardiac output?
Amount of the blood pumped from the heart in one minute.
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Heart rate regulation is under the control of what?
Cardiac center.
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Where is the cardiac center located?
Medulla oblongata.
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Impulses transmitted to the heart via sympathetic fibers causes what?
An increase in heart rate.
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Impulses transmitted to the heart via parasympathetic fibers causes what?
A decrease in heart rate.
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Norepinephrine causes what?
An increase in heart rate and strengthens the force of myocardial contraction.
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The resting heart rate is faster in males or females?
Females.
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Epinephrine is secreted by what gland, and during what?
Adrenal gland, during stress or excitement.
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Excess of thyroxine produces what?
A lesser but longer-lasting increased in heart rate.
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What do arteries do?
Carry blood from the heart to the capillaries.
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What do capillaries do?
Enables exchange of materials between blood and tissue cells.
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What do veins do?
Returns blood form the capillaries to the heart.
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The contraction of what creates BP?
Ventricles
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The return of venous blood is assisted by what three additional forces?
Skeletal muscle contractions, respiratory movements, gravity
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The contractions of skeletal muscles does what?
Compresses the veins forcing blood from one valved segment to another and on toward the heart.
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What four major factors affect BP?
Cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, and blood viscosity.
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What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute.
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What is peripheral resistance?
The friction of blood against the walls of blood vessels.
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What is viscosity?
The resistance of a liquid flow.
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What is vasoconstriction?
Raises BP and increases blood velocity.
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What is vasodilation?
Lowers blood pressure and slows blood velocity.
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The activity of the vasomotor center is modified by what?
Epinephrine
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What is autoregulation?
Increases the rate of exchange of materials between tissue cells.
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Explain pulmonary circuit:
Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs, where oxygen & carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs.
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Explain systemic circuit:
Caries oxygenated blood to the tissue cells of the body & returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
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What artery supplies the heart?
Coronary.
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What artery supplies the head and right arm?
Brachiocephalic.
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What artery supplies the thoracic wall?
Intercoastal.
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What artery supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen?
Celiac.
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What artery supplies the kidney?
Renal.
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What artery supplies the ovaries/testes?
Gonadal.
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What artery supplies the thigh?
Femoral.
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Arrhythmia?
Abnormal heartbeat.
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Bradycardia?
Heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.
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Tachycardia?
Heart rate over 100 beats per minute.
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Heart flutter?
Rapid heart rate of 200-300 beats perminute.
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Fibrillation?
Rapid heart rate,contractions are uncoordinated so blood is not pumped from the ventricles.
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Heart murmurs?
Unusual heart sounds.
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Myocardial infraction?
Death of a portion of the myocardium.
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Pericarditis?
Inflammation of the pericardium.
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Aneurysm?
A weakened portion of a blood vessel that bulges out, forming a balloon like sac filled with blood. Rupture may produces fatal hemorrhage.
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Arteriosclerosis?
The formation of fatty deposits in the tunica interna of arterial walls.
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Phlebitis?
Inflammation of a vein.
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Thrombophlebitis?
The formation of a blood clot.
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Varicose veins?
Veins that have become dilated and swollen because their valves are not functioning properly.
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