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lancesadams
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What is the first line of defense of inhaled and ingested microorganisms
Tonsils
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What are the immune defenses found in the oral cavity
- Saliva
- Tonsils
- Tight Junctions
- Mucous membranes
- Epithelium
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What is found in the tonsils providing immune protection
Macrophages and Lymphocytes
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What are the elements in Saliva that make it protective
- Amylase
- Bicarbonate
- Lysosymes
- RNAse
- DNAse
- Mucus
- Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
- IgA
- "REDI...... BLAM saliva man!"
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What elements of the stomach protect it from microorganisms
- Mucus
- Bicarbonate
- G cells that secrete Gastrin stimulating
- - Parietal cells to release HCl
- - Chief cells to secrete Pepsinogen
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Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
Hypersecretion of HCl from the stomach causing gastric ulcers
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What are the components of intestinal immune defense
- Mucus production
- Epithelium
- Peristalsis
- Microbiota
- Microfold cells
- Paneth cells
- Peyers patches
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What is the most important immune response in the intestines
- Abundance of Lymphoid tissue
- There is more lymph in the intestines then any where else in the body
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What are the antimicrobial substances that the intestine secretes
- Bacteriocins
- Colicins
- Defensins
- Lactoferrin
- Lysozyme
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What do the intestines secrete to attract monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells
Chemokines
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Tollip
- Toll interacting protein
- This inhibits TLR from reacting to commensal organisms as well as decreasing the Kinase activity in response to TLR's
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How do the intestinal cells recognize antigens
Toll like receptors (TLR) on the intestinal cells bind Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP's) and Microbial associtated patterns (MAMP's)
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The intestines contain many foreign microbes, why isn't it then constantly in an immune response mode
The intestines have the ability to discriminate between commensal organisms and pathogens
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What is the significance of TLR4 expressed in the intestines
TLR4 are poorly expressed in intestinal cells and are therefore poorly responsive to Gram negative bacteria resulting in a muted response to commensal organisms
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What are the three ways that the intestines can test an antigen
- Enterocyte pathway
- M-cells
- Dendritic cells sending extensions through tight junctions into the lumen of the Gut
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What is the Enterocyte pathway
Internalizing a pathogen via receptor mediated endocytosis, and then presenting it to lymphoid cells to decide whether an immune response in warranted
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M cell
Specialized epithelial cell overlying the Peyers patches with the ability to transport antigens to dendritic cells to determine if an immune response is necessary
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Transcytosis
The process of an M cell in the intestines that takes in antigens and transports them to dendritic cells in the Peyers patches for immune responses
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How do Paneth cells in the intestines assist in protection of the gut
Paneth cells are the scavenger cells of the intestine with the ability to mount phagocytic responses
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When Paneth cells are stimulated by foreign microorganisms they release
- Alpha defensins
- Lysozyme
- Phospholipase A2
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What is the role of Peyers patches in immune responses in the intestines
Located in the mucosa and submucosa, Peyers patches are large lymphoid follicles that contain B cells for immune responses
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When B cells in the Peyers patches are activated what do they differentiate into
IgA antibody producing cells
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