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How many plates in Middle America?
6 different
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Tierra Caliente-
Warm coastal lowlands, plantation agriculture
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Tierre templada
Temperate, greatest poplation concentrations. Center of the Aztec empire
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Tierra Fria
Cold, agriculturally marginal
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Impact of Iberian Colonialism
Spain and Portugal, Massive population decline- "Great Dying"
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New settlement pattern of plaza towns to control Indian population
Promote the goals fo colonialism. God, gold, glory.
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Mainland/Rimland Model
The Caribbean Islanda and the Caribbean coast are the Rimland. Everything else is Mainland.
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Climate Contours
M- Templada. R- caliente
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Cultural contours
M- Indo-European (mestizo). R- Afro- European
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Economic Orientation
M- hacienda. R-Capitalist Plantations
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Mexico
The "supre-state" based upon physical diversity and population base.
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The Core
The most primate region and city. It stretches from Veracurz to Guadalajara.
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Problems of agglomeration
Housing- slums or squatter settlements. Water shortages. Atmospheric pollution.
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The Border Cities
Foreign-owned "maquiladora" assembly plants.
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Percieved Problems with Border Cities
- "Colonia" of job migrants are disease prone.
- Extensive industrial pollution
- Widespread use of young female labor challenges traditional family structure
- 1994 NAFTA balance of trade problems with the U.S.
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The Northeast
- Traditional mining economy centered on Monterrey.
- Modern natural gas fuels growth of diversified heavy industrial base.
- Extensive development of large scale grain farms.
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The Gulf Coast
- Center of national petrochemical industry based on offshore oil and gas deposits.
- Frontier of humid ranchlands and fruit agriculture
- NAFTA is implemented, open boarders, now we can export corn more.
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The South
- Isolated and mountainoous region of poor Mayan Indian groups, especially Chiapas
- Government neglect/globalization promotes regional "Zapatista" guerilla movement in the mid 1990s
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Zapatista reasons
- Government extracts natural resources with little wealth reutrned to people.
- Government rescinds communally- owned "ejidos" lands established in 1917 Revolution
- Contesting NAFTA potential for introduction of genetically modified corn.
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Significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas
To separate the earth. Half to the Spanish and half to the Portuguese.
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Characteristics of Aztecs
- Most urbanized.
- Produce transported from throughout southern Mexico and northern Central America. Very sacrificial.
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Characteristics of Maya
- Emerged in the highlands of Guatemala.
- Achieved levels of math and writing equal or superior to other present day Old World civilizations.
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Characteristics of Inca
- High mountain valleys of southern Peru and Bolivia.
- They excelled at imposition of authoritarian social and political control and the construction of highways and bridges.
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What is the encomienda system i terms of land and labor?
Control over large pieces of land and became a mechanism by which Europeans and their descendants gained and maintained control over land and Indian vilages.
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Formal Catholicisim
- practiced by small
- European upper class;
- emphasizes piety, faith, and participation;
- Women are attend mass regularly and heavy emphasis on devotional societies, charities, and social clubs.
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Nominal Catholicism
- Includes the majority of the rural peasant population as well as almost all the poor;
- no financial contributions are made;
- priests may be viewed negatively;
- men are unlikely to entire the church more than twice in their lifetime.
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Folk Catholicism
- a mixture of European Catholicism and non-Catholic beliefs and practices;
- centered in the ancient hoy places of mountains and valleys.
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Plantation
a large tropical or subtropical agriculture unit emphasizing one or two crops that are grown for export.
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Hacienda
A Spanish term used in Latin America for a large rural landholding, usually devoted to animal grazing; which had a high degree of internal self-sufficiency and operated under a semi-feudal system dominated by criollo owners who resided primarily in urban centers.
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Estancia
A Spanish term used in Argentina and Uruguay to describe a large rural landholding, usually devoted to stock raising, especially of horses and cattle; similar to a ranch.
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Three primary challenges to the Catholic Church
- Secularism, or a pervasive lack of religious interest and involvement by the general membership.
- Fundamentalist Protestantism has diffused extensively throughout the region at the grassroots level.
- The leftist ideology
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Three approached to achieve national unity in Mexico
- To est. good public education
- Building national allegiance
- Strengthening national allegiance
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