What is the equation that represents cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
A process that breaks down food and makes ATP is a:
catabolic pathway
Does oxidation involve the gain or loss of electrons?
loss of electrons
Does reduction involve the gain or loss of electrons?
gain of electrons (charge is reduced)
The element or molecule that is the electron donor is what type of agent?
reducing agent
Is the oxidizing agent the electron donor or electron acceptor?
electron acceptor
True or False: In a redox reaction, Hydrogen molecules will accompany the movement of electrons.
True
Which compound in the cellular respiration equation is being oxidized?
glucose (C6H12O6)
Which compound in the cellular respiration equation is reduced?
oxygen (6 O2 --> 6 H2O)
Which compound in the cellular respiration equation acts as an oxidizing agent?
oxygen
Which compound in the cellular respiration equation acts as the reducing agent, or electron donor?
glucose
NAD+ and FAD are coenzymes that function as:
electron carriers
What are the products of the reaction NAD+ + 2 H?
NADH + H+
The transfer of electrons and one hydrogen molecule to NAD+ is catalyzed by what enzyme?
dehydrogenase
FAD functions in energy transport by:
binding up electrons
As you transport electrons you are also transporting what?
energy
The breakdown of glucose in a series of steps is an example of a:
controlled reaction
True or False: An uncontrolled reaction is more efficient for cellular work than a controlled reaction.
False - a controlled reaction has less wasted energy
True or False: Energy is more efficiently harvested from controlled reactions.
True
Why do we break down glucose in a series of steps rather than all at once?
Energy is given off in smaller amounts leading to relatively small loss of usable energy
True of False: A mitochondrion has an outer and inner membrane?
True
Identify the area between a mitochondrion's outer and inner membrane.
intermembrane space
The inside of a mitochondria is known as the:
mitochondrial matrix
This name is given to the folds of the mitochondrial matrix that increase surface (work) area.
Cristae
Ribosomes are located in what part of a mitochondrion?
the matrix
From which genetic donor do we get mitochondrial DNA?
our mother
What is the first stage of cellular respiration?
glycolysis
The transition reaction is the ____ stage of cellular respiration.
second
What is the third stage of cellular respiration?
the Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle is also know as the:
citric acid cycle
True or False: Oxidative Phosphorylation is the fourth stage of cellular respiration.
True
Oxidative Phosphorylation, the fourth stage of cellular respiration, is comprised of what two processes?
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
Which stages of celluar respiration are examples of substrate-level phosphorylation?
glycolysis, transition reaction, Krebs cycle
The direct transfer of phosphate with the help of an enzyme is known as:
substrate-level phosphorylation
Phosphate added to ADP by means of a redox reactions is known as:
oxidative phosphorylation
How are substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation similar?
both faciliate the reaction ADP + P --> ATP
Do we gain or lose ATP during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?
gain 4 ATP
Is ATP gained or lost during the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
2 ATP are lost
What are the two phases of glycolysis?
energy investment and energy payoff
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
the cytosol
What is/are the beginning substrates for glycolysis?
glucose
True of False: Fats and proteins can also be used to fuel aerobic cellular respiration.
True
Glucose is a _______ carbon sugar.
six
How many net ATP are produced during glycolysis?
2 ATP
True or False: Glycolysis requires oxygen.
False - glycolysis does not require oxygen
What is/are the end products of glycolysis?
2 NADH and 2 pyruvates
How many NADH are produced during glycolysis?
2 NADH
Pyruvate is a _____ carbon sugar.
three
What by-products are produced during glycolysis?
2 H2O
What is/are the beginning substrates for the transition reaction?
2 pyruvates
One glucose nets how many pyruvic acids?
two
What by-products are produced during the transition reaction?
2 CO2
What are the end products of the transition reaction?
2 acetyl-CoA and 2 NADH
Which two phases of cellular respiration each produce 2 NADH?
glycolysis and the transition reaction
Where in the cell does the transition reaction occur?
in the mitochondria
How many ATP are produced during the transition reaction?
none
Does the transition reaction require oxygen?
yes
What are the two primary steps of the transition reaction?
1) Carboxyl group is broken off of the pyruvate
2) Coenzyme A attaches to the remaining acetate
A _____ group is broken off of pyruvate in the transition reaction.
carboxyl
The carboxyl group that is broken off during the transition reaction is discarded as:
carbon dioxide
CoA is added to acetate during the transition reaction to form:
acetyl-CoA
What process is used by cells without mitochondria to synthesize ATP?
glycolysis
Where in the cell does the Krebs cycle occur?
the mitochondrial matrix
What are the end products of the Krebs cycle?
6 NADH and 2 FADH2
For each glucose molecule, how many times in the Krebs cycle completed?
twice
6 NAD+, 2 FAD, and 2 acetyl-CoA are the beginning substrates for which phase of cellular respiration?
the Krebs cycle
What are the beginning substrates for the Krebs cycle?
6 NAD+
2 FAD
2 acetyl-CoA
6 NAD+, 2 FAD, and _________ are the beginning substrates of the Krebs cycle.
2 acetyl-CoA
What by-products are produced during the Krebs cycle?
4 CO2
True or False: The Krebs cycle requires oxygen.
True
How many net ATP are produced during the Krebs cycle?
2 ATP
Which two phases of cellular respiration each produce 2 net ATP?
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
Does oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen?
yes
What by-products are produced during oxidative phosphorylation?
4 H2O
What are the end products of oxidative phosphorylation?
32-34 ATP
What is/are the beginning substrates of oxidative phosphorylation?
10 NADH
2 FADH2
Where do the 10 NADH required for oxidative phosphorylation come from?
2 from glycolysis
2 from transition reaction
6 from the Krebs cycle
Where in the cell does oxidative phosphorylation take place?
the inner membrane of mitochondria
What is the basic purpose of ATP synthase?
phosphorylate ADP
True or False: ATP synthase is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria.
True
What molecule moves through the ATP synthase channel causing the stalk to spin?
Hydrogen ions
The spinning stalk of ATP synthase catalyzed the _____, allowing phosphorylation of ADP to occur.
knob
Is hydrogen pumped in or out as electrons are being stripped off of NADH or FADH2?
out
As hydrogen is being pumped into the intermembrane, is it moving with or against the concentration gradient?
against the gradient
True or False: Electrons are transported from carrier to carrier embedded in the inner membrane, releasing energy that ultimately leads to the phosphorylation of ADP.
True
What molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
oxygen
True or False: As Hydrogen ions move down the concentration gradient into the mitochondrial matrix, they power ATP synthase as water powers a mill.
True
Is fermentation aerobic or anaerobic?
anaerobic
What types of organisms perform lactic acid fermentation?
animals and some bacteria
How many ATP are made in lactic acid fermentation?
2 ATP
How are the 2 ATP synthesized in lactic acid fermentation?
glycolysis is performed as normal
What happens to the 2 pyruvate products of glycolysis during lactic acid fermentation.
they are broken down into lactate
The ionized form of lactic acid is known as:
lactate
Lactate is the product of:
lactic acid fermentation
Where is lactic acid broken down in the body?
the liver
How many ATP are produced from alcohol fermentation?
2 from normal glycolysis
What three steps occur to pyruvate during alcohol fermentation?
carboxyl group is stripped and released as CO2
acetate converted to acetylaldehyde
acetylaldehyde is broken down to ethanol
What two products result from alcohol fermentation?
CO2 and ethanol
What organisms would use alcohol fermentation?
yeast
Is fermentation faster or slower than cellular respiration?
faster
Author
Geoff
ID
92689
Card Set
Cell Respiration
Description
Study cards for Chapter 9 "Cell Respiration" BIOL 189 CSN