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Energy is
the capacity to do work (ATP)
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Chemical work
- The making and breaking of chemical bonds enables cells and organisms to grow carry our normal activities.
- EX: forming chemical bond
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Transport wrok
- enables cells to move ions, molecules and larger particals through the cell membrane as well as membranes of organelles in the cell
- EX: Some endoplasmic reticulum use energy to import calcium ions from cytosol
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Mechanical work
used for movement (in animals) in the cell organelles moving around the cell, cells changing shape or cilia beating
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First Law of thermodynamics
total amount of energy in the universe is constant;energy cannot be created or destroyed
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Kinetic energy
is the energy of motion
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Potential energy
- is stored energy
- ex: ball on top of a hill
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Activation energy
is the initial input of energy required to begin a reaction
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Exergonic reactions
- Are energy producing.
- ex: they break down large molocules like glycogen in to glucose to make energy
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Endergonic reactions
- are energy-utilizing
- ex: takes glucose and binds it to make glycogen to store in the liver for later use
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Reversible reactions
a reaction that can proceed in both directions
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Irreversible
A reaction that can proceed in one direction but not the other
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Enzymes
are biological catalysts (helpers) that speed up the rate of chemical reactions with out themselves being changed. If enzyme is taken away the process is slowed down and cell may die. Each enzyme reacts with only limited and selected substrates. "specificity"
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Competitive inhibiters
bind to the active site, and look like the substrate but it inactivates the enzyme
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Non active inhibiters
bind to the non active site and change the active site's shape to prevent substrate attachment
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Induced fit model
States that neither the substrate nor the products can bend to bind with the enzyme, the enyme must bend to allow reaction
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Enzymes are altered by
pH temp and modulator molecules
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Feedback inhibition
is an example of negative feed back that inhibits the activity of early enzymes and modifies the enzyme
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Equilibrium
the rate of the reaction is equal in both reverse and forward reaction
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Oxidation
- Oxidation
- Is
- Loss of electrons
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Reduction
- Reduction
- Is
- Gaining of electrons
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Hydrolysis
spliting molecules by adding water
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Dehydration
Removing water to make larger molecules from small ones
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Ligation
stick together two substrates by using ATP
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Gylcolosis
- converts glucose into Pyruvate
- One molecule of glucose is converted into two pyruvate two ATP two NADH and two H+
- No O2 needed
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Metabolism
All chemical reactions in the body
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Catabolic reactions
- Release energy and break down large biomolecules
- ex: Glycogen into glucose
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Anabolic reactions
- require a net input of energy and synthesize large biomolecules
- ex: Glucose into Glycogen
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Aerobic pathways
require Oxygen and yield the most ATP
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Anaerobic pathways
Can proceed with out oxygen but produce ATP in much smaller quantities
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Anaerobic Metabolism
Pyruvate through the citric acid cycle yields ATP, carbon dioxide, water and high energy electrons captured by NADH and FADH2
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Beta Oxidation
Lipids are broekn down for ATP production
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Translation
When mRNA leaves the nucleus goes to cytosol where the tRNA and rRNA assembles amino acids into a designated sequence
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Transcription
is the formation of mRNA in the nucleus
Gene activation, Transcription, Translation, Protein synthisis
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