Which circuit sends oxygenated blood & nutrients to tissues
systemic
which circuit contains venules & veins
pulmonary
which circuit sends de-oxygenated blood to the lungs to receive oxygen & unloads CO2
pulmonary
these arteries supplie the lungs with oxygenated blood that empty into left atrium
bronchial a
which cavity does the heart lie
thoracic cavity
where is the posterior border of the heart near
vertebral column
where is the ant border of the heart near
sternum
how big is the heart
14 cm long by 9 cm wide
where does the sup aspect of the heart lie
inf to 2nd rib
which aspect of the heart is attatched to several large blood vessels
sup aspect
how does the distal aspect of the heart go
extends downward to the left ending in the 5th IS=apex
what is the heart & proximal ends of the large vessels enclosed in
pericardium
This is an inner double layered visceral pericardium that covers the heart
epicardium
what does the epicardium fold back to become at the base of the heart
parietal pericardium which forms the inner fibrous pericardium
where does the pericardial cavity lie
btwn pairetal & visceral layers
what is the importance of the pericardial cavity
it contains serous fluid that reduces friction btwn the pericardial membranes as the heart beats
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall
outer epicardium
mid myocardium
inner endocardium
how does the epicardium protect the heart
reduces friction
what does the thick myocardium do
pumps blood out of the chambers
what does the endocardium contain
BV's & purkinje fibers
what are the LA & LV separated from the RA & RV by
septum which is a solid wall like structure
what are the valves btwn the atria & ventricles
AV valves
which valve is in btwn the LA & LV
mitral
which valve is in btwn the RA & RV
tricuspid
what does the RA receive blood from
SVC
IVC
CS
what drains the blood into the RA from the myocardium
CS
what are the cusps of the tricuspid valve attatched to
chordae tendineae
where do the chordae tendineae originate from
pap muscl that project inward from V walls
what is the function of the papillary muscles
they pull on the chordae tendiane to prevent the cusps from falling back into the atrium
how many pulmonary veins supply the LA w/blood
4
what is another name for the mitral valve
bicuspid
how does the mitral valve close
passisvely & directs blood through the aorta
What is the name of the 3 cusp valve at the base of the aorta
aortic valve
which valve allows blood to leave the LV during contraction
aortic
what are the 2 semilunar valves
pulmonary
aortic
what are the differences in the pulmonary vessels
arteries=short, lrg diameter & compliance
veins=empty into LA
what happens when the RV contracts
creates an increase in BP to passively close the tricuspid valve
what does the blood exit through when leaving the RV
pulmonary trunk which divides into LR pulm arteries to the lungs
which valve does blood leave through when exiting the RV
pulmonary valve (3 cusp)
what does the RA recieve its deoxygenated blood from
VC
CS
what happens to the tricuspid valve when the RV contracts
it closes
what carries oxygenated blood from the lungs into the LA
pulmonary veins
what happens when the LA contracts
blood moves from the LA into LV
what are the 1st 2 branches of the aorta
RLCA
what branches supply the capillaries of the myocardium
coronary artery branches
what drains blood from the myocaridal capillaries
branches of cardiac veins which join the CS which empties into RA
Explain briefly what happens with heart functionality
when the atria contract (atrial systole) the ventricles relax (ventricular diastole) and vise versa then both relax for a brief period which makes up the cardiac cycle
Explain briefly what happens during one cardiac cycle
one cardiac cyle will cause the pressure in the chambers to rise & fall causing the valves to open & close. when the ventricles contract it pressure rises & when it exceeds PT & aorta pressure the SL valves open causing an ejection of blood & V pressure drops again
what causes the lub-dub sound
vibrations of the heart tissues related to the valves closing
how does the heart contract
single unit
what is the functional syncytium
mass of merging cells that fx as a unit
where is the SA node located
RA beneath the epicardium
can the Sa node's cells reach threshold on their own
yes
what initiates impulses through the myorcardium while stimulating contraction of cardiac muscl fibers
SA node
what is the SA node's rhythmic activity
70 to 80 per min
The patch of a cardiac impulse travels from the Sa node into what syncytium that causes the atria to contract almost simultaneously
atrial
The impule passes along the junctional fibers of the conduction system to a mass of specialized tissue known as what
atrioventricular node=AV node
what provides the only normal conduction pathway btwn the atrial & ventricular syncytia
AV node
When the cardiac impulse reaches the distal AV node it passes into a lrg AV bundle known as what
Bundle of His which enters the upper part of the IV septum
what happens nearly halfway down the septum in reference to the bundle of His
branches spread into enlarged purkinje fibers that extend in to pap musc
what causes the ventricular walls to contract in a twisting motion
purkinje fibers
what happens when the purkinje fibers stimulate the ventricular walls
it forces blood into the aorta & pulm trunk
Is the AP's that stimulate CM fiber contraction the same as individual AP
no
why can electrical changes be detected on the body's surface
b/c body fluids conduct electrical currents
what does the P wave show
depolarization of the atrial fibers leading to contraction
what does the QRS complex show
depolarization of the ventricular fibers prior to ventricular contraction
What does the T wave show
repolarization of the ventricles
Closure of the mitral & tricuspid valves produce what sound
S1 or Lub
Closure of the aortic & pulmonary valves produce what sound
S2 or Dub
what detects changes in BP
baroreceptors
how are the effects of the sympathetic & parasympathetic fibers balanced
barorecptor reflex
what are the most important ions that influence heart action
K
Ca
how does hyperkalemia effect the heart
it decreases contraction rates & forces
how does hypokalemia effect the heart
it may cause abnormal heart rhythms=arrhythmia
how does hypercalcemia effect the heart
it will cause the heart to contract for an abnormally long time
how does hypoclacemia effect the heart
depresses heart action
what are the 5 general classes of BV's
arteries
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
Elastic vessels that are very strong that carry blood away from heart under high pressure
arteries
what do arteries subdivide into
arterioles
what are the 3 layers of the arterial wall
tunica interna=inner
tunica media=mid
tunical externa=outer
Explain the flow of blood vessel anatomy from the heart and back to the heart
Elastic arteries
muscular arteries & arterioles
Cappillaries
venules & med veins
Large veins
Heart
What is it when the fibers receive impulses to contract & reduce BV diameter
vasoconstriction
What is it when inhibited, the muscle fibers relax & the vessels diamter increases
vasodilation
what are the smallest diamter BV's
capillaries
how are the walls of the capillaries
they have thin slits which affects permeability
what happens to BP as the distance from the LV increases
the pressure decreases b/c of peripheral resistance btwn blood & vessel walls & is lowest in the caps
what is exchanged btwn capillaries & the tissue fluid surrounding the cells
gases
metabolic byproducts
nutrients
What do capillary walls allow diffusion of blood with
high levels of oxygen & nutrients
where is BP the strongest
when it leaves the heart
what links caps to veins
venules
how are vein walls
similiar to arteries but poor middle layers
what do veins have that project inward
flap like valves
what acts as reservoirs for blood during arterial hemorrhage
veins
The force that blood exerts against the inner walls of BV's
BP
What does BP most commonly refer to
pressure in the arteries supplied by aortic branches
how does arterial blood pressure rise & fall
according to cardiac cycle phases
what is the max pressure during ventricular contraction termed
systolic pr
what is the lowest pressure that remains in the arteries b4 next V contraction
diastolic pr
the vol of blood discharged from the ventricle w/each contraction
SV
What is the avg SV in an adult
70ml
how is the cardiac output defined
vol discharged from ventricle per min
CO=SV*HR
cardiac output
what is it when the artery walls are distended as blood surges into them from the ventricles but recoil immediately
pulse
what is the sum of formed elements
Bl Vol
how does BL Vol vary
age
size
gender
What is the avg blood vol
5L or 8%BW
what is the friction btwn blood & blood vessel walls that produces a force
peripheral resistance
Factors that alter peripheral resistance change what
BP
What is the ease with which a fluid's molecules flow past one another
viscosity
T/F the greater the resistance, the more force that is needed to move the blood
T
What is the formula for blood pressure control
BP=CO*PR
what controls BP
peripheral resistance
Which center of the medulla controls peripheral resistance
vasomotor center
what is the largest diameter artery in the body
aorta
how does the aorta extend
sup from the LV to arch over the heart to the left then it descends ant to the left of the vertebral col
What is the 1st part of the aorta
ascending that begins at the aortic valve of LV
What connects the ascending aorta with the descending aorta
aortic arch
What are the 3 arteries that originate along the aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk
LCC
L subclavian
which branch of the aorta supplies the heart
ascending
Which branch of the aorta supplies the upper limbs & head
arch
which branch of the aorta supplies the bronchi, pericardium esophagus, mediastinum & thoracic wall
thoracic
Where does the abdominal aorta supply blood to
upper digestive tract organs
diaphragm
intestines
adrenal glands
kidneys
sex organs
abd walls
sacrum
coccyx
pelvic organs
lower limbs
where does the thoracic aorta supply blood to
bronchi
pericardium
esophagus
mediastinum
thoracic wall
which branch of the aorta begins immediately inferior to the diaphragm
abd aorta & its a contintuation of the thoracic aorta
What are the unpaired branches in the abdomen include
celiac trunk
sup & inf mesenteric arteries
Which trunk supplies blood to the liver, stomach & spleen
celiac trunk
what runs superiorly through the cervical vertebrae into the skull & supplies blood to the vertebrae,ligaments & muscles
vertebral arteries
What do the post cerebral arteries help to form
cerebral arterial circle=circle of willis
that connects the vertebral artery & int carotid artery systems
What do the thyrocervical arteries give off branches to
thyroid
parathyroid
larynx
trachea
esophagus
pharynx
neck, shoulder & back musc
what are near the bases of the carotid arteries that help to control BP
carotid sinuses that contain barorecptors to control BP
The veins from all parts of the body converge into the sup & inf vena cava leading to the RA except where
lungs
heart
What do the external jugular veins empty into
R/L subclavian veins
What are the upper limbs & shoulders drained by
deep & superficial veins
What does the vasilic vein ascend to join
brachial vein which merges to form the axillary vein
Most of the veins carry blood directly to the heart's atria except for what
veins that drain the abd viscera
What organs are drained to carry blood through the hepatic portal vein to the liver
stomach
intestines
pancreas
spleen
What is the name of the pathway that drains the abdominal viscera
hepatic portal system
What are some of the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system
