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adamarine
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how much blood does the heart pump per day
7000L
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What are the 2 circuits of the CV
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which circuit contains arteries & arterioles
systemic
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Which circuit sends oxygenated blood & nutrients to tissues
systemic
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which circuit contains venules & veins
pulmonary
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which circuit sends de-oxygenated blood to the lungs to receive oxygen & unloads CO2
pulmonary
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these arteries supplie the lungs with oxygenated blood that empty into left atrium
bronchial a
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which cavity does the heart lie
thoracic cavity
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where is the posterior border of the heart near
vertebral column
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where is the ant border of the heart near
sternum
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how big is the heart
14 cm long by 9 cm wide
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where does the sup aspect of the heart lie
inf to 2nd rib
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which aspect of the heart is attatched to several large blood vessels
sup aspect
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how does the distal aspect of the heart go
extends downward to the left ending in the 5th IS=apex
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what is the heart & proximal ends of the large vessels enclosed in
pericardium
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This is an inner double layered visceral pericardium that covers the heart
epicardium
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what does the epicardium fold back to become at the base of the heart
parietal pericardium which forms the inner fibrous pericardium
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where does the pericardial cavity lie
btwn pairetal & visceral layers
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what is the importance of the pericardial cavity
it contains serous fluid that reduces friction btwn the pericardial membranes as the heart beats
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what are the 3 layers of the heart wall
- outer epicardium
- mid myocardium
- inner endocardium
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how does the epicardium protect the heart
reduces friction
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what does the thick myocardium do
pumps blood out of the chambers
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what does the endocardium contain
BV's & purkinje fibers
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what are the LA & LV separated from the RA & RV by
septum which is a solid wall like structure
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what are the valves btwn the atria & ventricles
AV valves
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which valve is in btwn the LA & LV
mitral
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which valve is in btwn the RA & RV
tricuspid
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what does the RA receive blood from
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what drains the blood into the RA from the myocardium
CS
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what are the cusps of the tricuspid valve attatched to
chordae tendineae
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where do the chordae tendineae originate from
pap muscl that project inward from V walls
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what is the function of the papillary muscles
they pull on the chordae tendiane to prevent the cusps from falling back into the atrium
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how many pulmonary veins supply the LA w/blood
4
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what is another name for the mitral valve
bicuspid
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how does the mitral valve close
passisvely & directs blood through the aorta
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What is the name of the 3 cusp valve at the base of the aorta
aortic valve
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which valve allows blood to leave the LV during contraction
aortic
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what are the 2 semilunar valves
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what are the differences in the pulmonary vessels
- arteries=short, lrg diameter & compliance
- veins=empty into LA
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what happens when the RV contracts
creates an increase in BP to passively close the tricuspid valve
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what does the blood exit through when leaving the RV
pulmonary trunk which divides into LR pulm arteries to the lungs
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which valve does blood leave through when exiting the RV
pulmonary valve (3 cusp)
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what does the RA recieve its deoxygenated blood from
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what happens to the tricuspid valve when the RV contracts
it closes
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what carries oxygenated blood from the lungs into the LA
pulmonary veins
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what happens when the LA contracts
blood moves from the LA into LV
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what are the 1st 2 branches of the aorta
RLCA
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what branches supply the capillaries of the myocardium
coronary artery branches
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what drains blood from the myocaridal capillaries
branches of cardiac veins which join the CS which empties into RA
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Explain briefly what happens with heart functionality
when the atria contract (atrial systole) the ventricles relax (ventricular diastole) and vise versa then both relax for a brief period which makes up the cardiac cycle
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Explain briefly what happens during one cardiac cycle
one cardiac cyle will cause the pressure in the chambers to rise & fall causing the valves to open & close. when the ventricles contract it pressure rises & when it exceeds PT & aorta pressure the SL valves open causing an ejection of blood & V pressure drops again
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what causes the lub-dub sound
vibrations of the heart tissues related to the valves closing
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how does the heart contract
single unit
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what is the functional syncytium
mass of merging cells that fx as a unit
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where is the SA node located
RA beneath the epicardium
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can the Sa node's cells reach threshold on their own
yes
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what initiates impulses through the myorcardium while stimulating contraction of cardiac muscl fibers
SA node
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what is the SA node's rhythmic activity
70 to 80 per min
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The patch of a cardiac impulse travels from the Sa node into what syncytium that causes the atria to contract almost simultaneously
atrial
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The impule passes along the junctional fibers of the conduction system to a mass of specialized tissue known as what
atrioventricular node=AV node
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what provides the only normal conduction pathway btwn the atrial & ventricular syncytia
AV node
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When the cardiac impulse reaches the distal AV node it passes into a lrg AV bundle known as what
Bundle of His which enters the upper part of the IV septum
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what happens nearly halfway down the septum in reference to the bundle of His
branches spread into enlarged purkinje fibers that extend in to pap musc
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what causes the ventricular walls to contract in a twisting motion
purkinje fibers
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what happens when the purkinje fibers stimulate the ventricular walls
it forces blood into the aorta & pulm trunk
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Is the AP's that stimulate CM fiber contraction the same as individual AP
no
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why can electrical changes be detected on the body's surface
b/c body fluids conduct electrical currents
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what does the P wave show
depolarization of the atrial fibers leading to contraction
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what does the QRS complex show
depolarization of the ventricular fibers prior to ventricular contraction
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What does the T wave show
repolarization of the ventricles
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Closure of the mitral & tricuspid valves produce what sound
S1 or Lub
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Closure of the aortic & pulmonary valves produce what sound
S2 or Dub
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what detects changes in BP
baroreceptors
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how are the effects of the sympathetic & parasympathetic fibers balanced
barorecptor reflex
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what are the most important ions that influence heart action
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how does hyperkalemia effect the heart
it decreases contraction rates & forces
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how does hypokalemia effect the heart
it may cause abnormal heart rhythms=arrhythmia
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how does hypercalcemia effect the heart
it will cause the heart to contract for an abnormally long time
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how does hypoclacemia effect the heart
depresses heart action
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what are the 5 general classes of BV's
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
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Elastic vessels that are very strong that carry blood away from heart under high pressure
arteries
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what do arteries subdivide into
arterioles
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what are the 3 layers of the arterial wall
- tunica interna=inner
- tunica media=mid
- tunical externa=outer
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Explain the flow of blood vessel anatomy from the heart and back to the heart
- Elastic arteries
- muscular arteries & arterioles
- Cappillaries
- venules & med veins
- Large veins
- Heart
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What is it when the fibers receive impulses to contract & reduce BV diameter
vasoconstriction
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What is it when inhibited, the muscle fibers relax & the vessels diamter increases
vasodilation
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what are the smallest diamter BV's
capillaries
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how are the walls of the capillaries
they have thin slits which affects permeability
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what happens to BP as the distance from the LV increases
the pressure decreases b/c of peripheral resistance btwn blood & vessel walls & is lowest in the caps
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what is exchanged btwn capillaries & the tissue fluid surrounding the cells
- gases
- metabolic byproducts
- nutrients
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What do capillary walls allow diffusion of blood with
high levels of oxygen & nutrients
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where is BP the strongest
when it leaves the heart
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what links caps to veins
venules
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how are vein walls
similiar to arteries but poor middle layers
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what do veins have that project inward
flap like valves
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what acts as reservoirs for blood during arterial hemorrhage
veins
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The force that blood exerts against the inner walls of BV's
BP
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What does BP most commonly refer to
pressure in the arteries supplied by aortic branches
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how does arterial blood pressure rise & fall
according to cardiac cycle phases
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what is the max pressure during ventricular contraction termed
systolic pr
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what is the lowest pressure that remains in the arteries b4 next V contraction
diastolic pr
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the vol of blood discharged from the ventricle w/each contraction
SV
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What is the avg SV in an adult
70ml
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how is the cardiac output defined
vol discharged from ventricle per min
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what is it when the artery walls are distended as blood surges into them from the ventricles but recoil immediately
pulse
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what is the sum of formed elements
Bl Vol
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What is the avg blood vol
5L or 8%BW
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what is the friction btwn blood & blood vessel walls that produces a force
peripheral resistance
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Factors that alter peripheral resistance change what
BP
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What is the ease with which a fluid's molecules flow past one another
viscosity
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T/F the greater the resistance, the more force that is needed to move the blood
T
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What is the formula for blood pressure control
BP=CO*PR
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what controls BP
peripheral resistance
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Which center of the medulla controls peripheral resistance
vasomotor center
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what is the largest diameter artery in the body
aorta
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how does the aorta extend
sup from the LV to arch over the heart to the left then it descends ant to the left of the vertebral col
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What is the 1st part of the aorta
ascending that begins at the aortic valve of LV
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What connects the ascending aorta with the descending aorta
aortic arch
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What are the 3 arteries that originate along the aortic arch
- brachiocephalic trunk
- LCC
- L subclavian
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which branch of the aorta supplies the heart
ascending
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Which branch of the aorta supplies the upper limbs & head
arch
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which branch of the aorta supplies the bronchi, pericardium esophagus, mediastinum & thoracic wall
thoracic
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Where does the abdominal aorta supply blood to
- upper digestive tract organs
- diaphragm
- intestines
- adrenal glands
- kidneys
- sex organs
- abd walls
- sacrum
- coccyx
- pelvic organs
- lower limbs
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where does the thoracic aorta supply blood to
- bronchi
- pericardium
- esophagus
- mediastinum
- thoracic wall
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which branch of the aorta begins immediately inferior to the diaphragm
abd aorta & its a contintuation of the thoracic aorta
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What are the unpaired branches in the abdomen include
- celiac trunk
- sup & inf mesenteric arteries
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Which trunk supplies blood to the liver, stomach & spleen
celiac trunk
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what runs superiorly through the cervical vertebrae into the skull & supplies blood to the vertebrae,ligaments & muscles
vertebral arteries
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What do the post cerebral arteries help to form
- cerebral arterial circle=circle of willis
- that connects the vertebral artery & int carotid artery systems
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What do the thyrocervical arteries give off branches to
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- larynx
- trachea
- esophagus
- pharynx
- neck, shoulder & back musc
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what are near the bases of the carotid arteries that help to control BP
carotid sinuses that contain barorecptors to control BP
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The veins from all parts of the body converge into the sup & inf vena cava leading to the RA except where
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What do the external jugular veins empty into
R/L subclavian veins
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What are the upper limbs & shoulders drained by
deep & superficial veins
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What does the vasilic vein ascend to join
brachial vein which merges to form the axillary vein
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Most of the veins carry blood directly to the heart's atria except for what
veins that drain the abd viscera
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What organs are drained to carry blood through the hepatic portal vein to the liver
- stomach
- intestines
- pancreas
- spleen
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What is the name of the pathway that drains the abdominal viscera
hepatic portal system
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What are some of the effects of aging on the cardiovascular system
- reduced max output
- changes to the nodal & conducting cells
- reduced elasticity
- atheroscelrosis
- damaged tissue
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What are some of the effects of atherosclerosis
- aneurysm
- stroke
- MI
- hemorrhaging
- thrombi formation
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