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During venipuncture what should you do with the pt?
Keep them as still and quite as possible.
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What veins are used for dogs?
- Jugular: Used to obtain lg amts of blood
- Cephalic: can draw lg amts with lg pts. IVC placement is a contraindication.
- Recurrent tarsal
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What veins are used with cats?
- Jugular: Stressful but preferred due to size.
- Cephalic: Used with FELV+ kittens. Usually collapses.
- Femoral: Can't draw >1cc
- Lateral saphenous
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When are needle gauge and syringe size not important?
A. In anemic pts
B. Needle gauge and syringe size never matter
C. When you know why the hemolysis is occuring
D. Never
E. When hemolysis is less likely to affect test results
E. When hemolysis is less likely to affect test results (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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What does needle length depend on?
A. Species
B. Needle length is unimportant
C. Obesity
D. Breed
A. Species
Birds and sm pets: 3/8"-1/2" needle length
Dogs & cats: 3/4"-1" length unless obese
Lg animal: 1"-3" needle length
Swine: 3" needle for anterior vena cava (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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</= 25 ga needle is used on what species for what sites?
Birds for cutaneous ulnar, medial saphenous, and jugular
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25 ga is used on what species for what sites?
Cats & k9s for lateral saphenous and femoral
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22 ga is used on what species for what sites?
- cat/ cat sized dogs for jugular
- med-lg dogs for cephalic
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20 ga is used on what species and for what sites?
- med-lg dogs for jugular
- sheep/goats for jugular
- cattle for tail vein
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18 ga is used on what species for what sites?
- horses for jugular
- cattle for tail vein
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16 ga is used on what species for what sites?
swine for ant vena cava
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A LTT has what anticoagulant and is used for what test?
EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), CBC
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How should you manage your LTT sample?
mix, make BF ASAP, refridgerate
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What special considerations should be taken with collection tubes?
If not running tests immediately refridgerate your sample to minimize cell damage, gently and thoroughly mix blood to prevent hemolysis and clotting, make BF ASAP
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What anticoagulant does a GreenTT contain and what tests is it used for?
Heparin (prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin), used for blood gas determinations
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How should you manage your GreenTT sample?
mix it
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What does a BlueTT contain and what tests is it used for?
Na Citrate (binds calcium), used for coagulation studies
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What is the fluid portion of a BlueTT called?
Citrated plasma
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What considerations must be kept in mind with a BlueTT?
The tube must be full b/c the blood:anticoagulant ratio is crucial. After spinning the tube separate off the citrated plasma. Freeze if processing is in >6 hrs, and refridgerate if <6 hrs.
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What does a GreyTT contain and what studies is it used for?
Oxylate. used for blood glucose lvl determinations.
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How should you manage your GreyTT sample?
mix it
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What does a RTT contain and what studies is it used for?
Nothing, used for blood chemistry studies.
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How should you manage a RTT sample?
Clot, spin, separate serum ASAP
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How do you manage a serum separator RTT sample?
clot, spin, don't need to separate b/c of the waxy barrier.
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What does a blue ring crit tube contain and what tests is it used for?
Nothing, used with a LTT for PCV, TP, and BF
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What does a red ring crit tube contain and what is it used for?
Heparin, used for PCV and TP directly from the pt
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What does a black ring crit tube contain and what is it used for?
Heparin, bird and reptile CBCs.
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What is the biggest error in veterinary hematology?
Not gently and thoroughly mixing the sample.
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Define plasma
The liquid portion of anti-coagulate WB
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Define serum
The liquid portion of clotted WB
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What is the anatomy of a spun crit tube from the top down?
Plasma, buffy coat, RBCs, clay
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What are normal plasma colors?
Clear/ Straw (NOT yellow)
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What are some causes of hemolytic plasma?
Shaking, too sm of a needle with too much backpressure, iv hemolysis
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What are some causes of icteric plasma?
biliary stasis, carotenes in diet, ev hemolysis
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What are some causes of lipemic plasma?
post prandial, hypothyroid, DM
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What time and rate is blood spun at?
5 mins @ 6000 RPMs
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What is the size of the buffy coat an indicator of?
WBCs
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What do you check the buffy coat for on your microscope?
Microfilariae on 10x
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Define PCV
The % of a quantity of blood which is made up of RBCs
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What do you measure TP to?
The nearest 0.2 g/dl
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What is the sp.gr of dH2O?
1.000
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What should the differential for dogs and cats be?
- segs 55-85%
- lymphs 15-45%
- monos & eos 0-5%
- basos Rare
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What should the differential for a horse be?
- segs & lymphs ~50:50
- monos & eos 0-5%
- basos Rare
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What should the differential for a cow be?
- lymphs 55-85%
- segs 15-45%
- monos & eos 0-5%
- basos Rare
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An RBC count gives what?
An indication of the general amt of RBCs available to the body. A dec can indicate anemia
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A WBC count gives what?
An indication of WBCs
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Plt count determines what?
Amt of plts in blood. Is quantified
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PCV gives what?
% quantity of blood made up of RBCs
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TP gives what?
Amount of proteins present in fluid portion of blood
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hgb gives what?
Amount of hgb present in RBCs
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Define Blood Film
The best evaluation of any cell count is the microscopic evaluation of a well-made and properly stained blood film
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What is the procedure for Wrights stain?
- Jar 1: Wright's Stain- Place film in for 1-3 mins, tap.
- Jar 2: Buffer with 1 pippette of Wright's stain- place film in for 1 min, tap.
- Jar 3: dH2O- 7-10 1 sec dips.
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What must you use to remove the film from Wright's stain?
Thumb forceps
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What is Rouleaux?
Chains or stacks. Think elmers glue.
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What is agglutination?
Clusters. Think super glue.
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How can you differentiate btwn Rouleaux and agglutination?
By doing a saline wash. Agglutination will stay.
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