Describe the attributes of a carbon atoms that allow it to form varied molecules.
The carbon atom can bond with up to four different atoms. Carbon-to-carbon bonds are stable, so long chains can be built. These chains can be variable in length and branching patterns. Some organic molecules can form isomers.
How (in what form) do plants and animals store excess glucose?
Plants store excess glucose as starch. Animals store excess glucose as glycogen.
Explain why humans cannot digest cellulose.
Human digestive juices cannot hydrolyze the bonds joining glucose molecules together in cellulose.
Compare the structure and location of cellulose and chitin.
Both cellulose and chitin are composed of glucose monomers linked together in the same way. In contrast to cellulose, chitin has an amino group attached to each glucose molecule. Cellulose is found in plant cell walls, while chitin is in the exoskeleton of crabs and related animals.
Compare the structure of a saturated fatty acid with an unsaturated fatty acid.
A saturated fatty acid contain no double bonds between carbon atoms, while on unsaturated fatty acid contains one or more double bonds. butter.
Explain why phospholipids form a bilayer in a watery medium.
Phospholipids arrange themselves so that their hydrophilic heads are adjacent to water, while the hydrophobic tails point inward toward each other.
Describe how the structure of fats and oils differs from that of steroids.
Fats and oils contain fatty acids and glycerol, while steroids have four fused carbon rings.
list the six functions of proteins.
Support, metabolism, transport, defense, regulation (hormones), and motion.
What is the primary stucture of a protein?
The protein's sequence of amino acids is its primary structure.
Describe the interactions that create secondary and tertiary structures in proteins.
The secondary stucture is created by hydrogen bonds that occur between peptide bonds of a polypeptide chain. the tertiary structure comes into being because of the interactions between R goups, such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and covalent bonds.
How are DNA and RNA chemically similar and how are they different?
Both DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose; RNA contains ribose. DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single stranded. In place of thymine (T) in DNA, RNA contains the base uracil (U)
When is complementary base pairing utilized to copy a strand of DNA?
Complementary base pairing is utilized when DNA replicates and when genetic information is passed from DNA to RNA.
Which of the following is an organic molecule?
a. CO2 b. H2O
c. C6H12O6 d. O2
e. More than one of these are correct.
c. C6H12O6
Carbon requires how many electrons to complete it outer shell.
B. 4
An amino acid is to a protein as a _____________ is to a nucleic acid
D. nucleotide.
Carbon chains can vary in
B. All of these are correct.
Organix moecules containing carboxyl groups are
D. acidic
Biological macromolecures are polymers that are formed when _______________ are joined by a _________ reaction.
C. monomers, dehydration
Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
A. glucose
Cellulose, the major compenent of plant cell walls.
C. carbohydrate
Keratin, found in hair, fingernails, horns and feathers.
A. protein
Steroids such as cholesterol and sex hormones
D. lipids
Composed of nucleotides
A. nucleic acid.
Insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains.
B. lipids
Sometimes undergoes complementary base pairing.
C. nucleic acid
May contain pleated sheets and helices
C. protein
May be a ring of six carbon atoms attached to hydroxyl groups
A. carbohydrate
A triglyceride contains
D. glycerol and three fatty acids.
Variations in three-dimensional shapes among proteins are due to bonding between the
C. R groups
The following is a picture of a long carbopn chain with a turn at the double carbon bond. This is a
A. monounsaturated fatty acid.
Which of the following interactions help to form the tertiary structure of a protein?
C. All of these are correct
Carbon and oxygen can be found in
A. All of these are correct
Animals store glucose as
D. glycogen
The polysaccharide found in plant cell walls is
D. cellulose
Phosphates can be found in
D. Both a and b are correct
All _____________ are ____________
A. All enzymes are proteins.
__________ is the precursor of ____________
a. Cholesterol, testosterone and estrogen
b. Cholesterol, glucose
c. Testosterone, cholesterol
d. Estrogen, cholesterol
Cholesterol is the precursor of testosterone and estrogen.
An example of a hydrocarbon would be
B. heptane
A 5-carbon sugar is associated with
B. DNA
Nucleotides
a. contain a fatty acid, a nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate molecule.
b. are monomers for fats and polysaccharides
c. join together by covalent bonding between the bases
d. are found in DNA, RNA and proteins.
d. None of these are correct.
e. None of these are correct.
Amino acids in a protein are joined by
phosphodiester bonds.
B. peptide bonds
Which of the following pertains to an RNA nucleotide and not to a DNA nucleotide?
E. Both a and b are correct
Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids differ in
B. All of these are correct
Which of the following lipds would most likely be solid at room temperature>