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Articulation
Place of union between two or more bones; also called joint.
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Cancellous
Spongy or porous structure, as found at the ends of long bones.
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Cruciate ligaments
Ligaments that cross each other forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles.
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Hematopoises
Production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow.
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Adduction
Moves closer to the midline
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Abduction
Moves away from the midline.
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Flexion
Decreases the angle of a joint.
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Extension
Increases the angle of a joint.
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Rotation
Moves a bone around its own axis.
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Inversion
Moves the sole of the foot inward
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Eversion
Moves the sole of the foot outward
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Dorsiflextion
Elevates the foot
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Plantar flexion
Lowers the foot (points toes)
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Ankyl/o
Stiffness, bent, crooked
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Myel/o
Bone marrow; spinal cord
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Ped/o, pedi/o
Foot; child
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Calcane/o
Calcaneum (heel bone)
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Carp/o
Carpus (wrist bone)
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Clavicul/o
Clavicle (collar bone)
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Femor/o
Femur (thigh bone)
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Fibul/o
Fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg)
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Humer/o
Humerus (upper arm bone)
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Ischi/o
Ischium (lower portion of hip bone)
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Metacarp/o
Metacarpus (hand bone)
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Metatars/o
Metatarsus (foot bones)
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Patell/o
Patella (kneecap)
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Phalang/o
Phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes)
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Spondyl/o, vertebr/o
Vertebrae (backbone)
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Stern/o
Sternum (breastbone)
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Tibi/o
Tibia (larger bone of the lower leg)
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Leiomy/o
Smooth musch (visceral)
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Rhabd/o
Rod-shaped (striated)
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Rhabdomy/o
Rod shapes (striated muscle)
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Fasci/o
Band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)
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Fibr/o
Fiber, fibrous tissue
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Synov/o
Synovial membrane, synovial fluid
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Ten/o, Tend/o, Tendin/o
Tendon
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-asthenia
Weakness, debility
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-clasia
To break; surgical fracture
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Claudication
Lameness, limping
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Contracture
Fibrosis connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue and joint.
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Crepitation
Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction.
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Electromyography
Use of electical stimulation to record the strength of muscle contraction.
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Exacerbation
Increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms.
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Ganglion cyst
Tumor of tendon sheath or joint capsule, commonly found in the wrist.
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Hemarthrosis
Effusion of blood into a joint cavity.
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Hypotonia
Loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching.
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Multiple myeloma
Primary malignant tumor that infiltrates the bone and red bone marrow.
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Osteophyte
Bonly outgrowth that occasionally develops on the vertebra and may exert pressure on the spinal cord also called bone spur.
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Rickets
Form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency.
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Sequestrum
Fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue.
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Spondylolisthesis
Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it.
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Sprain
Tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete.
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Subluxation
Partial or incomple dislocation
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Open reduction
Closed reduction
- Procedure that restores a bone to its normal position by manipulation rather than by surgery.
- Reduction procedure that treats bone fractures by placing the bones in their proper position using surgery.
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Arthrocentesis
Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid.
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Arthroclasia
Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement.
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Filtrate
Fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the plomeruli of the kidney.
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Nitrogenous wastes
Products of cellular metabolism that contain nitrogen.
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Peritoneum
Perous membrance that lines the abdominopelvis cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity.
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Plasma
Liquid portion of blood, composed primarily of water (90%), and containing dissolved proteins, nutrients, lipids, and various waste products.
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Ur/o
Urine, urinary tract
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Perine/o
Perineum (area between scrotum (or vulva in the female) and anus)
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Albumin/o
Albumin, protein
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Azot/o
Nitrogenous compounds
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Anuria
Absense of uring production or urinary output
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Azotemia
Retention of excessive amounts of nitrogenous compounds in the blood; also called uremia.
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Dysuria
Painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a "burning sensation" while urinating.
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Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence.
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Fistula
Abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another.
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Nephrotic syndrom
Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin by way of urine due to increased permeability of the glomerular membrane.
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Nocturia
Excessive or frequent urination after going to bed.
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Oliguria
Diminished capacity to form and pass urine, resulting in inefficient exretion of the end products of metabolism
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