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half duplex
- communication that only allows one station to receive while the other station is transmitting
- hierarchical addressing an addressing scheme in which a network is partitioned into sections, with the section identifier forming one part of each destination's address and the destination identifier forming another
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high-order bit
the portion of a binary number that carries the most weight, the one written farthest to the left. High-order bits are the 1s in the network mask.
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hop
the passage of a data packet between two network nodes.
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host
a network device that has an IPv4 address assigned to it to communication over a network.
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host address
IPv4 address of a network host. When talking about host addresses, they are the network layer addresses.
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host group
a group defined by a class D address (multicast, ranging from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255), whereupon hosts can pertain to multicast groups. Hosts that have the same multicast address are part of the same host group.
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hub
In ethernet, a device that receives an electrical signal in one port, interprets the bits and regenerates a clean signal that it sends out all other ports of the hub. Typically it also supplies several ports, which are oftentimes RJ-45 jacks.
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hybrid fiber-coax
a network that incorporates both optical fiber along with coaxial cable to create a broadband network. commonly used by cable tv companies.
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hypertext transfer protocol
defines the commands, headers and processes by which web server and web browsers transfer files.
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instant messaging
real-time communication between two or more people through text. The text is conveyed through computers connected over a network such as the internet. files can also be transferred through the IM program to share files.
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
An international, nonprofit organization for the advancement of technology related to eletricity. IEEE maintains the standards defining many LAN protocols.
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interframe spacing
a time period between ethernet frames that allows fairness with the CSMA/CD algorithm. Without a space between frames in other words, without some time with no frames being sent a NIC might always listen for silence, never hear silence and therefore never get a chance to send a frame.
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intermediary device
a device that connects end devices to the network or interconnects different networks. A router is an example of an intermediary device.
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International Organization for Standardization
An international standards body that defines many networking standards. Also, the standards body that created the OSI model.
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Internet
The network that combines enterprise networks, individual users, and ISPs into a single global IP network.
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Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
An organization that assigns the numbers important to the proper operation of the TCP/IP protocol and the Internet, including assigning globally unique IP addresses.
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Internet backbone
a high-speed line or series of connections that forms a major pathway within a network. The term is often used to describe the main network connections comprising the Internet.
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Internet control message protocol
As part of the TCP/IP internet layer, ICMP defines protocol messages used to inform network engineeres of how well an internetwork is working. For example, the ping command sends ICMP messages to determine whether a host can send packets ot another host.
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Internet Engineering Task Force
The standards body responsible for the development and approval of TCP/IP standards
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Internet service provider
A company that helps create the Internet by providing connectivity to enterprises and individuals, as well as interconnecting to other ISPs to create connectivity to all other ISPs.
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internetwork
a combination of many IP subnets and networks, as created by building a network using routers. The term internwork is used to avoid confusion with the term network, because an internetwork can include several IP networks.
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Interpret as command
In the telnet application, commands are always introduced by a character with the decimal code 255, known as the Interpret as Command character.
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intranet
a corporate system such as a website that is explicitly used by internal employees. Can be assessed internally or remotely
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IP
Network layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack offering a connectionless internetwork service. IP provides features for addressing, type-of-service specification, fragmentation and reassembly, and security.
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IP address
a 32-bit number, written in dotted decimal notation, used by the IP to uniquely identify an interface connected to an IP network. It is also used as a destination address in an IP header to allow routing, and as a source address to allow a computer to receive a packet and to know which IP address to send a response to.
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IP header
the header defined by the IP. Used to create IP packets by encapsulating data supplied by higher-layer protocol (such as TCP) behind an IP header.
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jam signal
in a shared media ethernet network, a signal generated by the transmitting devices that detects the collision. The jam signal continue to transmit for a specified period to ensure that all devices on the network detect the collision. The jame signal is a part of CSMA/CD
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