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Affective
Neural Network (emotion)
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Cognitive Behaviors
Neural network (thought)
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Plasticity
The brain exhibits the ability to change connections as a result of experience
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1st animals to develop neurons
Jellyfish and sea anemones
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Neural tube
The layers of cells around a fluid filled central cavity and develops from
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Gray matter
CNS consists of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies, dentrites and axon terminals
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White matter
Are formed by Myelinated axons of the CNS and run in bundles called tracts
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Meningies
- Where the brain and spinal cord are encased
- Pia Matter
- Arachniod Membrane
- Dura matter
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Choroid plexus
Secretes CSF into the ventricles of the brain.
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Blood Brain Barrier
Tight junctions in brain capillaries prevent possibly harmful substances in the blood from entering in the interstitial fluid
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Spinal nerves
- Each segment of the spinal cord is associated with a pair
- 8 Cervical
- 12 thorasic
- 5 lumbar
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Dorsal Root
Of each spinal nerve carries incoming sensory info
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Dorsal root ganglia
contain the nerve cell bodies of sensory neurons
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Ventral roots
carry info from the CNS to the muscles and glands
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Ascending tracts
White matter that carry sensory information to the brain
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Decending tracts
Carry Efferent signals from the brain.
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Six major divisions of the brain
- Cerebrum
- diencephalon
- midbrain
- cerebellum
- pons
- medulla oblongata
- High demand for O2 gets 15% of total volume
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Brain stem
- Divided into: Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
- Cranial nerves II to XII originalte here
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Medulla Oblongata
- Contains somatosensory and corticopinal tracts that convey info between the cerebrum and spinal cord
- Most trats cross the midline in the pyramid region
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Pons
Act as a relay station for info between cerebellum and cerebrum
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Midbrain
Controls eye movment and relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes
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Cerebellum
processes sensory info and coordinates the execution of movement
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Diencephalon
- is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus
- Pituitary and pinal gland located here
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Thalamus
Relays and modifies sensory and motor info going to and from the cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
contains centers for behavioral drives, Temo regulation, coordination or reproductive hormones, flight or fight responce and growth
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Cerebral cortex
Includes cerebral gray matter, basal ganglia and limic system
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Basal Ganglia
Help controls movement
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Limbic system
- Acts as the link between cognitive functions and emotional responses
- Includes: Amygdala and cingulated gyrus linked to emotion and memory and the Hippocampus= learning and memory
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Three brain systems influence motor output
Sensory system, cognitive system and behavioral state system
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Cerebral laterlization
Each hemishere of the cerebrum has developed functions that is not shared by the other side
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Primary somatic sensory cortex process
information about touch temp and other somatic senses
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Visual cortex auditory cortex gustatory cortex and olfactory cortex
receive info about vison sound taste and odors
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Reticular activating system
Keeps the brain conscious or aware of self and enviornment
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Electroencephalography
Is able to record electrical activity in the brain
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REM
Rapid eye movement sleep
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Slowwave sleep
Non rem sleep
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Sleep apnea
Sleeping disorder where normal breathing is obstructed
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Insomnia
Sleeping disorder with the inability to sleep or maintain sleep
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Motivation
arises from internal signals that shape voluntary behaviors related to survival or emotions
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Moods
- are long lasting emotional states.
- Mood disorders can be treated by altering meurotransmittions in the brain
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Learning
is the acquision of knowlage about the world around us
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associated learning
occurs when two stimuli are associated with each other
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Non associative learning
includes imitative behaviors such as learning a language
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Habituation
An animal shows a decreased responce to a stimulus that is reapeated over and over
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Sensitization
exposure to a noxious or intense stimulus creates an enhanced responce on subsequent exposure
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Memory
Multiple levels of storage and is constantly changing
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Short term memory
will disappear unless its consolidated into long term
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Long term memory
- Includes reflexive memory which dosen't require conscious process for its creation
- In cerebellum
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Declarative memory
- in tempral lobes
- uses higher cognitive skills for formation and conscious attention for its recall
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Wernicke's area
Motor skills in the back
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Broca's Area
sight in the front
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