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Name the four types of tissue
- Epithelial
- Nervous
- Muscle
- Connective
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What is the function of cilia?
Helps move stuff
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What is the function of micovili?
Increases cellular surface area for absorption
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What cell type might contain cilia or microvilli?
Simple columnar
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Where would one fine ciliated cells?
- Reproductive tubes
- Esophagus
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What are the four functions of epithelial tissues?
- Protection
- Secretion
- Absorption
- Excretion
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Definition of a tissue.
Groups of cells that perform the same general function.
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Definition of an organ.
Two or more kinds of tissues grouped together and performing specialized functions.
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Give two examples of regular dense connective tissue.
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What major cell type of CT has great strength, yet is flexible?
- Collagen
- It's like silly putty- flexible but doesn't bounce back if stretched.
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Three layers of skin
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous (hypodermis)
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What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?
Stratum basale
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What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum
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Which skin layer has the best blood supply?
No clue. Definitely not the epidermis.
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What type of cells make up the epidermis?
Startified squamous (keratinized) cells
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What type of tissues make up with dermis?
- Fibrous connective tissue
- Epithelial tissue
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What type of tissue makes up the hypodermis (subcutaneous) layer?
Loose fibrous CT
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What type of tissue makes up the dermis?
- Dense, irregular fibrous CT
- A mishmosh of fibers that results in elasticity and strength for skin
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Name the three types of muscle tissue.
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What two types of muscle tissue are involuntary?
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What comprises the central nervous system?
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What comprises the peripheral nervous system?
- Everything else
- PNS connects the CNS to other body parts
- (If it's named, it's peripheral)
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Name the five parts of the neuron.
- Cell body
- Dendrites
- Nucleus
- Axon (can be mylenated)
- Synaptic knob and vesicles
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What are neurons sensitive to?
Changes
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Name the three layers of meninges, from superficial to deep.
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
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In certain regions, the Dura Mater splits into two layers forming what?
Dural sinuses
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What do dural sinuses return?
Venous blood from the brain back to the heart
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What space in the brain contains CSF?
Sub-arachnoid space; ventricles
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What secretes CSF?
- Choroid plexuses
- They're specialized capillaries in the pia mater that project into the ventricles and secrete CSF
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Where are ventricles found in the brain?
- In the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem
- Contain CSF
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Where is CSF absorbed?
- Dural sinuses
- CSF is absorbed by tiny, finger-like projections called arachnoid granulations that project from the subarachnoid space into the blood-filled dural sinuses.
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Function of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.
- Primary motor area
- (The motor is in the front)
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Function of the parietal lobe.
- Primary sensory area.
- (Pain in the butt)
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Grey matter (unmylenated neurons) are found where in the brain?
In the middle; it makes up a majority of the cerebrum.
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What are the two main functions of the cerebellum?
- Coordinates skeletal muscle activity
- Maintains posture (error correction)
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What is a dermatome?
Regions of skin innervated from nerve fibers that originate from a specific spinal cord level
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Where in the SC does a reflex signal enter?
dorsal, leaves ventral
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Where do spinal nerves arise?
Lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves travel as a bundle through the spinal canal.
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What two roots form each spinal nerve, and what do they control?
- Dorsal root (sensory)
- Ventral root (motor)
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What is the ANS?
- Autonomic nervous system
- Part of the PNS that functions without conscious effort.
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Where does the SNS originate?
- T1 through L2 spinal segments
- Sympathetic division is also called the thoracolumbar division
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Where does the PNS originate?
- Branstem and spinal cord from segments S2-S4
- Parasympathetic division also called the "craniosacral" division.
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What is called the "master gland?" Why?
- Pituitary gland
- Because of its many roles- secretes hormones that regulate growth, sexual maturity, lactation, adrenal gland scertion and blood pressure.
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What is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Prolactin
- TSH
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Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland:
- Antidiuretic hormone
- Oxytocin (calcium regulation/ bone building)
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What's the infundibulum?
Houses the pituitary gland in the hypothalamus
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What does the pancreas secrete?
- (endo part)- secretes insulin and glucagon that control blood sugar
- (exo part)- secretes digestive juice through a duct
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Other name for adrenals
Suprarenal glands
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What do the adrenals do?
Secrete hormones that stimulate SNS
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What gland shrinks with age?
Thymus
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What does the thymus secrete?
Hormones involved with immunity
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What gland is involved with circadian rhythm?
Pineal gland- secretes melatonin.
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