-
the body's ability to protect itself from foreign agents or organisms
immunity
-
where the body identifies its own cells as foreign and activates mechanisms to destroy them
autoimmune disorder
-
suppress the body's natural immune resonse to an antigen
immunosuppresive disorder
-
examples of natural and physical chemical mechaniss that enhance immunological functioning
- -skin
- -eyelashes
- - nose cilia
- -respiratory system
- - gastric acidity
- -intestinal mucosa
- -pH of vaginal mucosa
-
-
area where stem cells, the parent cells for all blood cells are produced
bone marrow
-
peripheral lymphoid organs
- (LT Slap)
- Liver
- tonsils
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- appendix
- peyer's patches in the small intestine
-
located through the body. responsible for filtering lymphatic fluid and removing and destroying matter
lymph nodes
-
what does enlargement of the lymph nodes indicate
infectious or malignant process is occuring
-
organ that serves as a reservoir for macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells
spleen
-
______ of the liver house monocytes that ingest and destroy foreign organisms in hepatic circulation
kuppfer cells
-
-
where are WBC mostly formed
in the bone marrow and partially in the lymph tissue
-
5 types of WBC
- basophils
- eosinophils
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- (BEN LM)
-
WBC count for adults
4,000 - 11, 000
-
granular leukocytes:
- BEN
- -basophil
- -eosinophil
- -neutrophil
-
wbc type that come into play during allergic reactions
or paracitic invasion
-
wbc that are agranular luekocytes
-
wbc that ingests bacteria
neutrophil
-
wbc that secrete histamine during allergic reaction
Basophil
-
wbc that travels to the site of invading organisms and transform into Macrophages
Monocytes
-
____ make up the greatest number of WBC
granulocytes
-
antibodies are also called
immunoglobulins
-
-produce memory cells
-responsible for humoral immunity
-rstimulate plasma cells to secrete antibodies
B-cells
-
proteins that react with antigens to neutralize or destroy
antibodies
-
any substance identified by the body as nonself
antigen
-
-responsible for cellular immunity
-include helper cells, suppressor cells, and killer cells
t-cells
-
_____ are important in understanding how HIV atacks the immune system
T-suppressor cells
-
two types of immunity
- -natural (innate) immunity
- -acquired (adaptive)immunity
-
_____- develops after birth and may be active or passive
acquired immunity
-
the result of exposure to disease or its vaccine
active acqured immunity
-
utilizes antibodies produced by another human being or animal.
passive acquired immunity
-
transmission of antibodies through fetal circulation is an example of ____ immunity
passive acquired
-
-innate immunity
-present at birth
-includes physical and chemical barriers to invading antigens
natural immunity
-
-long term immunity
-antibodies develop as a result of exposure to disease or vaccine
-antibodies neutralize future invasions of the same antigen
active acquired immunity
-
-temporary immunity
-antibodies obtained from an animal or human being
-examples or gamaglobulin or antiserum
passive acquired immunity
-
factors influencing immunity
- (tanss)
- -treatment modalities
- -age
- -nutritional status
- -sex
- -stress
-
allergic disorders are a result of ___________, excessive reaction to a stimulus
hypersensitivity
-
a type of antigen commonly found in the environment
allergen
-
also known as hay fever or pollinosis, a common allergy caused by airborne allergens such as pollen, mold, animal dander, dust and ragweed
allergic rhinitis
-
raised pruritic, red, nontender wheals in the skin usually in the trunk and lower extremeties
urticaria (hives)
-
edema of subq layers and mucous membranes, is painless and only slightly pruritic
angioedema
-
what is medical management for clients experiencing an allergic response
drug therapy tp treat symptoms and identification of precipitating agents
-
is a type I systemic reaction to allergens and is the most serious type of allergic reaction
anaphylaxis
-
type of food that is the leading cause of anaphylaxis in the US
peanut and tree nut
-
maybe life threatening. symptoms involve the skin, GI tract, cardiovascular and resp. systems
anaphylactic reactions
-
if untreated catastrophic effects of anaphylaxis may lead to?
- -resp. failure
- -severe hypotension
- -anaphylactic shock
- -death
-
_____ is administered subq during an anaphylactic reaction to dilate bronchioles, increase heart contractions, and constrict blood vessels
epinephrine
-
why are corticosteroids given during an allergic reaction
for antiinflammatory effect
-
what is the activity level for clients with allergic reactions
bedrest until vitals are stable and breathing is restored
-
what is autologous blood transfusion
blood transfusion using clients own blood
-
what is medical managemnt for clients experiencing an allergic reaction with blood transfusion
STOP the transfusion and infuse normal saline
-
-
clients are NPO during an allergic reaction until respiration is stable....WHY?
because of risk for aspiration
-
when should vital signs be assessed when administering blood products?
- 15 minutes before
- 15 minutes x4 after
-
what is the inital nursing response for a transfusion reaction?
- -stop transfusion
- -then notify physician
-
what are some signs of transfusion reactions?
fever, chills, respiratory problems, HA, low back pain, itching
-
tissue or blood donations from another donor or nonrelated donor
allogenic
-
type of isolation used for clients with major organ transplant?
reverse isolation
-
signs of transplant rejection
- fever
- weight gain
- swelling or tenderness at site
-
a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by joint stiffness
RA (rheumatoid arthritis)
-
who can rheumatoid arthritis affect?
anyone-even children
-
clients with a genetic marker HLA-DR4 have an increased risk with developing
RA
-
when _____ becomes thick it can lead to calcification of the joint, joint pain, limited mobility, and deformity
synovial tissue
-
when does damage of the bones begin with RA
within the first 2 years
-
what is the pattern of joint involvement in RA
it is symmetrical - happens on both sides
-
decrease or abscense of symptoms
remission
-
increase in symptoms
exacerbation
-
therapeutic regimen for RA
- medication
- exercise
- stress management
- hot & cold compress
-
foods high in _____ are encouraged with RA pt's when RBC's are low
iron
-
nursing management for RA
- encourage relaxation techniques
- take warm showers to relieve joint stiffness and pain
-
what are some gradual developments for RA
- early morning stiffness
- pain in finger and joints
- fatigue
- weight loss
- anemia
- weakness
-
chronic, progressive, incurable autoimmune disease affecting multiple organs. characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation. most common in women in child bearing age
SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus)
-
autoimmune disease characterized by extreme muscle weakness and fatigue caused by the body's inability to transmit nerve impulses to voluntary muscles
Myasthenia Gravis
-
characterized by an acute emergency by increased muscle weakness, difficulty swallowing, chewing or talking
myasthenia crisis
-
what can be done when MG clients are not responding to drug therapy
thymectomy
-
what is a major nursing concern for myasthenia gravis
risk for aspiration
-
-
progressively fatal disease that destroys the immune system and the body's ability to fight infection
aids
-
what is the incubation period following exposure to HIV
2-4 weeks
-
how long can individuals remain symptom free with hiv
10 years or more
-
what cells does HIV attack and kill
CD4 Tcells
-
how much CD4 cells does a healthy person have
1000 or more
-
when the CD4 Tcell is less than ____ and the individual has ______ or more of the 26 clinical conditions that affect persons with advanced HIV, the individual is considered to have AIDS
-
what is the leading cause of death among african americans wih HIV
TB
-
Most aids defining conditions are ______ infections, (infections in persons with a defective immune system that rarely cause harm in healthy individuals)
opportunistic
-
what is the most basic screening test to detect antibodies to HIV
ELISA test (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)
-
What is to be done with a positive ELISA test?
a retest to rule out technician error and false positives
-
what is the confirmatory test when a positive ELISA test is confirmed
Western Blot test
-
what must the nurse obtain before testing blood with ELISA or western blot test
signed informed consent
-
what are modes of transmission for HIV
- blood
- semen
- vaginal secretions
- breast milk
-
what is the goal of care for HIV
keep the disease from progressing
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