Blood administration

injection/administration of blood or blood products into the blood stream

an antigen that is a component of the RH blood groups and is made up of numerous complex antigens.

indicates person has Rh factor on surface of RBCs



Rh+ person may be transfused with either Rh- Rh+ blood

indicates person does not have Rh factor on surface of RBCs

person may only be transfused with Rh- blood to prevent formation of antibodies to Rh+ blood.

blood test that determines blood type

blood test that indicates compatibility between blood of donor and recipient.

250 mL

a concentrated source of RBCs and are the most common component given to RBC-deficient patients.

patients who have a hemoglobin level less than 8 g/dL or who are hypoxemic.

the ABO system antigens and the Rh antigen, present on the membranes of RBCs.

• are given to patients with platelet counts below 10,000 mm3
• to patients with thrombocytopenia who are actively bleeding
• or are scheduled for an invasive procedure.

• taken from just one donor and decrease the amount of antigen exposure to the recipient, helping prevent the formation of platelet antibodies.
• The chances of allergic reactions to future platelet transfusions are thus reduced.

single-donor platelets may be prescribed.

300 mL for pooled platelets and 200 mL for single-donor platelets

15- to 30-minute period

• before the infusion,
• 15 minutes after the infusion starts,
• and at its completion.

diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and acetaminophen (Tylenol)

are not a true transfusion reaction.

may be given fresh to replace blood volume

plasma is frozen immediately after donation

Freezing preserves the clotting factors, and the plasma can then be used for patients with clotting disorders

immediately after thawing while the clotting factors are still active.

Patients who are actively bleeding with a prothrombin time (PT) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) greater than 1.5 times normal

required for transfusion of plasma products.

200mL

rapidly as the patient can tolerate, generally over a 30- to 60-minute period, through a regular Y set or straight-filtered tubing.

a product derived from plasma.

Clotting factors VIII and XIII, von Willebrand's factor, and fibrinogen are precipitated from pooled plasma to produce cryoprecipitate.

Patients with a fibrinogen level of less than 100 mg/dL

IV push within 3 minutes. Dosages are individualized, and it is best if the cryoprecipitate is ABO compatible.

occur most often in the patient with anti-WBC antibodies, a situation that can develop after multiple transfusions.

develops chills, tachycardia, fever, hypotension, and tachypnea

• Giving leukocytereduced blood or single-donor HLA-matched platelets reduces the risk for this type of reaction.
• WBC filters may be used to trap WBCs and prevent their infusion into the patient.

• caused by blood type or Rh incompatibility.
• When blood containing antigens different from the patient's own antigens is infused, antigen-antibody complexes are formed in his or her blood.

• The reaction may be mild, with fever and chills, or life threatening, with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and circulatory collapse. Other manifestations include:
• •Apprehension
• •Headache
• •Chest pain
• •Low back pain
• •Tachycardia
• •Tachypnea
• •Hypotension
• •Hemoglobinuria
• •A sense of impending doom

immediate or may not occur until subsequent units have been transfused.

• are most often seen in patients with a history of allergy.
• They may have urticaria, itching, bronchospasm, or anaphylaxis.

usually occurs during or up to 24 hours after the transfusion

• leukocytereduced or washed RBCs in which the WBCs and plasma have been removed.
• This procedure reduces the possibility of an allergic reaction.

Bacterial transfusion reactions

include tachycardia, hypotension, fever, chills, and shock

Rapid

can occur when a blood product is infused too quickly.

This complication is most common with whole-blood transfusions or when the patient receives multiple transfusions.

Older adults are more at risk

• Increase HOB, stop transfusion, IV NSS to
• KVO, notify MD,

• •Hypertension
• •Bounding pulse
• •Distended jugular veins
• •Dyspnea
• •Restlessness
• •Confusion

monitoring intake and output, infusing blood products more slowly, and giving diuretics

a rare but life-threatening problem that can occur in both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients.

Its cause in immunosuppressed patients is similar to that of GVHD that occurs with allogeneic stem cell transplantation, in which donor T-cell lymphocytes attack host tissues.

Due to contaminated blood components and when blood sits around too long

Fever, chills, possible shock

Stop blood, NSS to KVO, notify MD, blood bag and tubing sent back to lab

Most dangerous – blood is usually incompatible

Chills, back pain, chest tightness leading to shock, renal failure, vascular collapse and cardiac arrest

Can occur after only 10 ml of blood

• Discontinue blood – emergency
• fluids/drugs/dialysis to maintain renal and blood pressure

Treat shock

Red urine appears on next void – collect urine

Collect blood specimen

Occurs days to weeks after infusion – usually less severe

Fever, malaise, gradual decrease in H/H

No red urine

Important to monitor because may be a precursor to a more severe reaction in further transfusions

Prolonged storage of blood, cell destruction, improper handling

blood cells get destroyed

Preservative used to store blood binds with calcium to cause a deficiency.

Hepatitis

Malaria

AIDS

Lyme Disease

Lasix 40 mg IV push