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Something that can be passed on from generation to generation is a/an ____________ factor.
inheritable
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Which was mapped first mitosis or meiosis?
mitosis
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When was mitosis mapped?
1875
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When was meiosis mapped?
1890
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The realization that genes at specific locations, called loci, played a role in the transmission of inheritable factors led to the:
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
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Initial work on chromosomal mapping was done with:
drosophilia flies
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How many pairs of chromosomes do drosophilia flies have?
four
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What do we call the recessive phenotype of drosophilia flies?
mutant
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Are "wild type" drosophilia flies dominant or recessive?
dominant
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X-linked alleles are traits that are carried on the:
X chromosome
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If an X-linked trait is recessive, will it be expressed more often in males or females?
males
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Why are males more likely to express a recessive X-linked allele?
they only have one X chromosome
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True or False: If a women is homozygous recessive for an X-linked trait, all of her sons will express the recessive allele.
True
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Which chromosome is larger, X or Y?
X
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If a male has a recessive allele for trait Q, what two gametes can he produce?
Xq and Y
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How many autosomal chromosomes does a female human have?
44
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How many chromosomes does a sperm have?
23
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What two sex chromosomes could a sperm have?
X or Y
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How many possible sex chromosomes could a human egg have?
only one
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Homo Sapien diseases that are the result of genetic information on sex chromosomes are known as:
human X-linked disorders
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An X-linked disorder that causes progressive weakening of the muscles is:
Duchenne musclular dystrophy
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True or False: Humans with Duchenne muscular dystrophy live to average life expectancy.
False - they will die in late teens/early twenties due to progressive organ failure
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Hemophilia is a disease characterized by an:
inability to clot blood
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What are the three types of cones that are responsible for color vision?
- blue sensitive
- green sensitive
- red sensitive
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Which of the three types of cones in your eyes are coded for on autosomal chromosomes?
blue sensitive
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When we say a person is color-blind, we mean that they are specifically:
red-green colorblind
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List the three human X-linked disorders discussed in class.
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- hemophilia
- color-blindness
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Why was hemophilia so prevalent in the British royal family in the past?
because they were inbred
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True or False: During embryonic development, one of a females X chromosomes becomes inactive.
True
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The inactive X chromosome in a female cell condenses and becomes a:
Barr body
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If a female is heterozygous for an X-linked trait, half of her cells will express the dominant, while half express the recessive. This is due to:
X inactivation
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True or False: In regards to X inactivation, the dominant allele still overrides the recessive.
True
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What is a linkage group?
a group of genes, physically located close to each other on a chromosome, that are transmitted together
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What is the purpose of a linkage map?
to map out the location of genes on a chromosome to determine which alleles are transmitted together
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What is a polyploid?
an individual with more the 2n chromosomes
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An individual with 3n chromosomes is called a:
triploid
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An tetraploid is an individual with ____ chromosomes.
4n
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Which are more likely to exhibit polyploidy, plants or animals?
plants
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True or False: Polyploidy results entirely from genetic manipulation.
False - polyploidy is mostly an evolutionary adaptation, although some genetic manipulation has occured
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An individual that exhibits monosomy is missing ____ of a certain chromosome.
one
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A person with (2n-1) chromosomes has a condition known as:
monosomy
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An individual with (2n+1) has condition known as:
trisomy
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A person with trisomy has ____ of a particular chromosome.
three
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Three of chromosome #21 results in a condition known as:
Down's Syndrome
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Monosomy and trisomy occur due to:
nondisjunction
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When can nondisjunction occur?
during meiosis
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Improper chromosomal separation during meiosis is known as:
nondisjunction
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If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis I, all resulting gametes will be:
abnormal
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If nondisjunction occurs during meiosis II, what percentage of gametes could still be normal?
1/2 or 50%
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List the six genetic mutations discussed in class.
- deletion
- duplication
- insertion
- inversion
- translocation
- substitution
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When a piece of DNA gets "clipped out," you have what kind of mutation?
deletion
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When one area of a chromosome can be found twice, you have what kind of mutation?
duplication
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When two areas of a chromosome have "flip-flopped," you have what kind of mutation?
inversion
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When a piece of genetic material has been transferred from one chromosome to another, you have this type of mutation.
translocation
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When a random piece of DNA is spliced into a chromosome, you have this type of mutation.
insertion
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When one piece of a chromosome is replaced with another, you get this type of mutation.
substitution
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