Sociology

Suicide studies

more freedom, men, protestants, wealthy, and unmarried

women, catholics, Jews, poor married

3 stage historical development

beginning of human history to the end of the European Middle Ages; people took a religious view that society expressed God's will

people saw society as a natural rather than a supernatural system

began with Polish astronomer Copernicus, Galileo, and Isaac Newton

championed the cause of the workers in what he saw as their battle against factory owners

racial separation founded NAACP.

framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change

a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interaction of individuals

a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities

a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview.

research method for investigating cause and effects under highly controlled conditions

anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.

culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living

specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true

norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance

attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors

study of how monkey reacted to isolation compared to how humans react to isolation

life and death instincts

gradually turned to the study of personality and mental disorders and eventually developed the celebrated theory of psychoanalysis.

human's basic drives

conscious efforts balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society; arises as we become aware of our distinct existence

the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual; begins to form as a child becomes aware of parental demands and matures as the child comes to understand that everyone's behavior should take account of cultural norms.

human cognition

level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses

level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols

the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surroundings

level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically

used the phrase looking glass self to mean a self image based on how we think others see us

eight stages of development

Stage 1: Infancy

Stage 2: Toddlerhood

Stage 3: Preschool

Stage 4: Preadolescence

Stage 5: Adolescence

Stage 6: Young adulthood

Stage 7: Middle adulthood

Stage 8: Old Age

a social position that a person holds in everyday use, the word status generally means "prestige"

behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status

the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.

the study of visual perception

four principles: efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and control

recognized violation of cultural norms

Four essential functions of deviance

a person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior

develeped control theory, which states that social control depends on the people anticipating the consequences of their behavior; assumes that everyone finds at least some deviance tempting; links conformity to four different types of social control

marriage between people of the same social category; limits potential partners to people of the same age, race, religion, or social class.

marriage between people of different social categories

marriage that unites two partners

marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses

marriage that unites one man and two or more women

marriage that unites one woman and two or more men