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more freedom, men, protestants, wealthy, and unmarried
Increased suicide
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women, catholics, Jews, poor married
Decreased suicide
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3 stage historical development
Comte
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beginning of human history to the end of the European Middle Ages; people took a religious view that society expressed God's will
Theological stage
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people saw society as a natural rather than a supernatural system
Metaphysical state
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began with Polish astronomer Copernicus, Galileo, and Isaac Newton
Scientific stage
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championed the cause of the workers in what he saw as their battle against factory owners
Marx
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racial separation founded NAACP.
Dubois
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framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
Structural-Functional Approach
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a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
Social-Conflict Approach
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a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interaction of individuals
Symbolic-Interaction Approach
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a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
Participant Observation
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a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview.
Survey
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research method for investigating cause and effects under highly controlled conditions
Experiment
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anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
Symbol
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culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living
Values
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specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true
Beliefs
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norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
Mores
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attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors
Social control
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study of how monkey reacted to isolation compared to how humans react to isolation
Harlows
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life and death instincts
at birth
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gradually turned to the study of personality and mental disorders and eventually developed the celebrated theory of psychoanalysis.
Freud
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conscious efforts balance innate pleasure-seeking drives with the demands of society; arises as we become aware of our distinct existence
Ego
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the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual; begins to form as a child becomes aware of parental demands and matures as the child comes to understand that everyone's behavior should take account of cultural norms.
Superego
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level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses
Sensorimotor stage
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level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols
Preoperational stage
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the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connections in their surroundings
Concrete operational stage
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level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically
Formal operational stage
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used the phrase looking glass self to mean a self image based on how we think others see us
Cooley
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eight stages of development
Erik Erikson
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Stage 1: Infancy
trust vs. mistrust
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Stage 2: Toddlerhood
autonomy vs. doubt and shame
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Stage 3: Preschool
initiative vs. guilt
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Stage 4: Preadolescence
industriousness vs. inferiority
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Stage 5: Adolescence
identity vs. confusion
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Stage 6: Young adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
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Stage 7: Middle adulthood
difference vs. self absorption
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Stage 8: Old Age
integrity vs. despair
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a social position that a person holds in everyday use, the word status generally means "prestige"
Status
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behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
Role
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the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.
Ethnomethodology
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the study of visual perception
Ashs's study
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four principles: efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and control
McDonalization of Society
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recognized violation of cultural norms
Deviance
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Four essential functions of deviance
- 1) Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
- 2) Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
- 3) Responding to deviance brings people together
- 4) Deviance encourages social change
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a person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior
Sutherland
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develeped control theory, which states that social control depends on the people anticipating the consequences of their behavior; assumes that everyone finds at least some deviance tempting; links conformity to four different types of social control
Hirsci
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marriage between people of the same social category; limits potential partners to people of the same age, race, religion, or social class.
Endogamy
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marriage between people of different social categories
Exogamy
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marriage that unites two partners
Monogamy
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marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
Polygamy
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marriage that unites one man and two or more women
Polygymy
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marriage that unites one woman and two or more men
Polyandry
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