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certifiedfly
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Name two methods of imaging gene expression
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What is anti-sense imaging?
- RASON
- (radionuclide anti-sense oligo nucliotide)
- Are created that are complementory to a portion of mRNA.
- RASON binding stops translation
- (and thus gene expression)
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What are reporter genes? what characteristics must it have? what is it used for?
- a gene that is attached to another gene of interest.
- Genes that are chosen as reporters have characteristics that make them easily identifiable.
- Used to indicate if a certain gene has expressed.
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Identify 4 methods used in molecular imaging of stem cell therapies.
- magnetic particles
- radionuclides
- quantum dots
- reporter genes
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What are the 3 fundamental parameters involved in medical insurance reimbursement?
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Define the terms coverage, coding & payment. How are they related?
- coverage- range or extent of healthcare that an insurer will pay for based on the plans terms
- coding-coding system used for reimbursment purposes to document and track health care services.
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What are CPT codes (expand abbreviation) and what are they used for?
- current procedural termonology
- they describe procedures done for different clinical indications.
- used to order procedures.
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What are HCPCS codes (expand abbreviation) and what are they used for?
- Health Care Common Procedure Coding System
- used to describe and identify supplies and services
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Radiopharmaceuticals are coded with what type of codes?
HCPCS codes
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What are ICD-9-CM codes (expand abbreviation) and what are they used for?
International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification
- •Diagnosis (Dx) codes
- •In addition to CPT & HCPCS codes, CMS also requires ICD-9 codes for specifying patient diagnosis
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What are the two component parts of Medicare reimbursement?
Professional component: amount paid for physician’s interpretation and report;
Technical component: amount paid for all other services (staffing, equipment, radiopharmaceutical costs, etc)
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How is the reimbursement amount determined for NM procedures performed on patient:
a. as an out-patient
b. an in-patient
- for outpatient APC is used Ambulatory Payment Classification
- (Groups of procedures for which a fixed rate is paid to the hospital outpatient center based on reported hospital costs)
for inpatient DRG (Diagnosis Related Group) payment system, a lump sum payment is made for all services based on patient’s hospitalization course and discharge diagnosis
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What type of zoom is ideally used for pediatric imaging and why?
- zoom with pre process magnification
- pre is more effective than post
- we want only the area of interest in FOV
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Mention 3 pediatric immobilization techniques commonly used
Velco, taping, sandbags
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Identify 3 disadvantages of the wrapping technique for infant immobilization
- overheating
- difficut to monitor vitals
- takes time to unwrap in emergency
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Identify two potential disadvantages of using sandbags for pediatric immobilization
may cause attenuation or ischemia
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Where can one find the guidelines for pediatric sedation?
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•American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for sedation & recovery of children
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What type of CPR training is required for personnel performing pediatric sedation?
pediatric CPR
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What are the two drugs commonly used for pediatric sedation?
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Which common sedative is used for making a child forget a traumatic procedure?
Midazolam
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Which is the preferred site for iv insertion in pediatric patients? Why?
the hand because you can easily see their veins there.
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How would you calculate a pediatric dose?
use weight based dose guidlines.
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Explain the concept of Image Gently.
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Which is the preferred pediatric NM imaging position w.r.t. feet/head/gantry? Why?
•Positioning feet in/ head out preferred
•Camera preferably beneath the patient when ever possible
•Prone position may be calming for some
•Direct on top of collimator imaging for small children
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