-
Reed-Sternberg cells
Hodgkin's lymphoma
-
Virus associated with Hodgkin's
EBV
-
8:14 translocation
- Burkitt's lymphoma
- Translocation of c-myc oncogene
-
Sheets of lymphocytes interspersed with macrophages
"Starry sky," seen in Burkitt's lymphoma
-
Most common non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults
Diffuse large-B cell lymphoma
-
11:14 translocation
- Mantle cell lymphoma
- CD5 marker
- Seen in older males
-
14:18 translocation
- Follicular lymphoma
- Overexpression of bcl-2 anti-apoptotic gene
- Seen in adults
- Indolent course
-
HTLV-1
- Causes adult T cell lymphoma
- Aggressive cutaneous lesions
- Common in Japan, West Africa, and the Caribbean
-
Lymphoblastic lymphoma
- Aggressive T cell lymphoma seen in children
- Enlarged thymus will give rise to a mediastinal mass
-
Monoclonal Ig spike on electrophoresis
Multiple myeloma
-
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
Like multiple myeloma, with an M spike on electrophoresis but no lytic bone lesions
-
TdT marker
- Marker of pre-B and pre-T cells
- Used to diagnose ALL
-
Cancer cells that are TRAP positive
Hairy cell leukemia
-
15:17 translocation
- PML variant of AML
- Associated with DIC
- Treat with vitamin A
-
Imatinib
- Monoclonal antibody against bcr-abl
- Use to treat CML
-
Lots of immature WBCs with high leukocyte alk phos levels
Leukemoid reaction (alk phos is elevated in leukemia)
-
Histiocytosis X
- Proliferative disorder of dendritic Langerhans cells in the skin
- Cells express S-100 and CD1
- Birbeck granules that have a tennis racket shape are seen on EM
-
JAK-2 mutation
- Polycythemia vera
- Essential thrombocytosis
- Myelofibrosis
-
Methotrexate
- Folate analog, inhibits DHF reductase
- Inhibits dTMP synthesis by inhibiting conversion of DHF to THF
- Major side effect is BMS--can be reversed with leucovorin
-
5-FU
- Inhibits thymidylate synthase, which converts dUMP to dTMP
- Synergistic with methotrexate
- Side effects are BMS (treat with thymidine) and photosensitivity
-
6-MP
- Purine analog
- Activated by HGPRTase and inactivated by xanthine oxidase
- Toxicity is increased with allopurinol
-
Cladribine
- An adenosine analog
- Has a long half life because is resistant to degradation by adenosine deaminase
-
Dactinomycin
- Intercalating agent
- Main side effect is BMS
-
Bleomycin
- G2 phase specific
- Causes breaks in the DNA strands by inducing free radical formation
- Major side effect is pulmonary fibrosis
-
Cyclophosphamide
- Intercalating agent
- Requires bioactivation by the liver
- Causes myelosuppression and hemorrhagic cystitis, which can be prevented with mesna
-
Nitrosureas (carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin)
- Alkylating agents
- Require bioactivation
- Can cross BBB, so are drugs of choice in brain cancer
- Side effects are dizziness and ataxia
-
Vincristine
- Blocks microtubule polymerization, inhibits mitosis
- Major side effect is peripheral neuropathy. Also causes paralytic ileus
-
Major side effect of vinblastine
BMS
-
Amifostine
Use to prevent nephrotoxicity caused by cisplatin
-
Side effects of cisplatin
- Nephrotoxicity
- Acoustic nerve damage
-
Hydroxyurea
Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase, blocks DNA synthesis
-
Effect of prednisone on cancerous cells
Triggers apoptosis
-
Trastuzumab
- Monoclonal antibody against HER2 receptor
- Cardiotoxic
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