Microbiology Chapt. 17

Variolation was first used
A. to treat individuals exposed to hepatitis
B. to immunize the Chinese against smallpox
C. to protect individuals against the plague during the Middle ages
D. to spread smallpox throughout the Native American populations
E. for research purposes in the twentieth century

What is the most efficient and cost-effective way to control infectious diseases?
A. autoimmunization
B. active immunization by vaccination
C. immune testing
D. variolation
E. passive immunization

All of the following statements are true of variolation EXCEPT:
A. it was administered to children as early as the 12th century
B. at the time no one knew how it worked
C. it reduced the incidence of smallpox
D. it was risk-free
E. it involves grinding smallpox scabs

By the 1900s there were vaccines for all the following EXCEPT:
A. measles
B. rabies
C. anthrax
D. smallpox
E. hepatitis

All of the following are methods for attenuation EXCEPT:
A. genetic manipulation
B. replication for many generations
C. treatment with formaldehyde
D. A and B
E. culturing under unusual circumstances

The only adjuvant that is used in vaccinating humans is
A. Freund's complete adjuvant
B. formaldehyde
C. alum
D. mineral oil
E. saponin

An inactivated vaccine has all the following characteristics EXCEPT:
A. it is made from pathogens that cannot replicate
B. it can be produced from antigenic fragments of a pathogen
C. it is made from mutated forms of the pathogen
D. it is safer than an attenuated vaccine
E. it can be produced with deactivated whole microorganisms

All the following are limitations to the use of antisera EXCEPT:
A. they provide passive immunity
B. they contain a mixture of antigens, not just the antigen in question
C. the antibodies to antisera are degraded rapidly in the recipient
D. multiple uses could cause anaphylaxis
E. they may be contaminated with viral antigens

An adjuvant is a substance that
A. is used to decrease the inflammatory reaction to a vaccine
B. is a piece of a microbe that is representative of the entire microorganism
C. is used to inactivate a microbe in a vaccine
D. delays the action of the vaccine
E. increases the effective antigenicity of a pathogen

Killed vaccines work by stimulating
A. the production of antibodies
B. T cytotoxic cells
C. the action of type 1 T cells
D. the cell-mediated immune response
E. the production of memory cells associated with an immune response

Which of the following substances is NOT used as an adjuvant?
a. a saponin
b. aluminum
c. aluminum phosphate
d. formaldehyde
e. mineral oil

All the following statements apply to toxoids EXCEPT:
A. they provide lifelong immunity
B. they have few antigenic determinants
C. they stimulate antibody-mediated immune responses
D. they are chemically or thermally modified
E. they are produced against the toxin of the microorganism rather than the microorganism itself

OPV, the attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine, is no longer administered because
A. it can cause clinical poliomyelitis in 1/2,000,000 vaccinated individuals
B. it is very toxic
C. it does not provide good immunity
D. the site of administration remains sore for many days after administration
E. it can cause severe anaphylaxis in some individuals

Passive immunity is used when
A. protection against a recent infection or disease is needed immediately
B. the pathogen does not produce a toxin
C. the attenuated live vaccine is too difficult to produce
D. the microorganism can be genetically manipulated
E. a representative antigen for the microbe cannot be isolated

Hybridomas are produced by
A. fusing tumor cells with myeloma cells
B. repeated culture of a pathogen until it loses its virulence
C. combining two virus-infected cells
D. combining a viral infected cell with a bacterial infected cell
E. combining two bacterial infected cells

The study and diagnosis of antigen-antibody interactions in the blood is known as
A. immunology
B. histology
C. cytology
D. serology
E. hematology

Which of the following diagnostic procedures depends on precipitation of an antigen-antibody complex?
A. the Wasserman test for syphilis
B. immunoelectrophoresis
C. blood typing
D. fluorescent antibody tests
E. viral hemagglutination inhibition tests used to diagnose viral infections

Which is the technique used for detecting antibodies against multiple antigens in a complex mixture?
A. the Wasserman test
B. the western blot test
C. hemagglutination inhibition test
D. the Ouchterlony test
E. the ELISA test

Scientists commonly use radial immunodiffusion testing to
A. measure the concentration of specific antibodies in a person's serum
B. diagnose infections by specific strains of viruses
C. diagnose HIV
D. diagnose tuberculosis, because the diameter of the wheel corresponds to the severity of the infection
E. inactivate an endogenous bacterial toxin

In precipitation tests, maximum precipitation takes place when
A. a complex solution of many antibodies is used
B. the amount of the antigen exceeds the amount of the antibody
C. a toxin is present
D. the amount of the antibody exceeds the amount of the antigen
E. the amount of the antibody and the amount of the antigen are at optimal proportions

Immunoelectrophoresis separates molecules based on
A. the electrical charge of the molecules
B. the number of different types of antibodies in the solution
C. the types of microbes that produce the antigens in the solution
D. the number of antigen molecules present in the solution
E. the number of antibody molecules present in the solution

All of the following are sources of antiserum EXCEPT:
A. humans
B. hybridomas
C. B cells
D. animals

All of the following are limitations of antisera EXCEPT:
A. it creates antibodies continuously
B. it contains multiple antibodies
C. their antibodies are degraded relatively quickly
D. repeated injections can cause allergic responses