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Define logic
- Logic is the ability to use rational thinking and reasoning to determine the correct answer
- Ability to recognize fallacies in the arguments of others and refute or correct the opposing position
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What are the 2 types of reasoning?
- Inductive-arrive at a conclusion based on specific examples or data; documentation is important
- Deductive- based on a general statement or principle via syllogism; major and minor premise must be true; difficult to make decisions
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How to prevent misuse of stats
- Use reliable sources
- Valid data
- Accurate conclusion
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What is analogical reasoning?
Based on a comparison between two similar cases. It infers that what is true in the first case will also be true in the second case
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Types of Fallacies used in communication
(fallacies are false or falacious reasoning to persuade others w/o evidence)
- Casual-faulty link between cause and effect; 2nd event not always related to first
- Bandwagon-everyone doing so it's correct
- Strawman-weak easily refuted argument to draw away attention from main point
- Hasty generalization-argument based on insufficient evidence;stereotyping
- Red Herring-irrelavant facts to distract listener from main issue; avoid answering ?'s
- Non-sequitor-concludes something based on something that doesn't follow main premise
- Slippery Slope-series of worsening outcomes that are assumed will result from decision or action
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What are the 5 Elements of an ethics program?
- 1. Distinguish between what is ethical and legal-laws are written after conduct has become a threat
- 2. Enforce program provisions
- 3. Conduct formal training-mandatory
- 4. Involve employees in the development
- 5. Evaluate and revise
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What are the 7 steps to ethical decision making?
- 1. recognize and define situation
- 2. Obtain all the facts
- 3. List all options of response
- 4. Compare options to est. criteria
- 5. select best option
- 6. double check decision
- 7. take action and implement
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What are the decision making models?
- 1. Rational-gather info and make decision based on best alternative; usually used in exceptional decisions w/ high risk and uncertainty
- 2. Bounded rationality-select decision that satisfies min requirements; usually applied to generic decisions w/ certainty
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Psychological barriers
- Fear-main personal barrier; overcome by asking what is the worst that can happen
- Ego or Self-Esteem- Overconfident ignores advice of others
- Indecisivness-events will overtake need for a decision; a poor decision is better than no decision
- Distrust- in one's own ability, others ability; result of low self esteem
- Antagonism-opposition forces compromise which may not be best solution;cause by ego,personalities,jealousy;overcome with communication and listening
- Jealousy-causes irrationality and ignoring suggestions; overcome with communication and respect
- Unethical motives-personal gain, enhanced image at the expense of others
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6 Ornganization(external) Barriers
- 1. Lack of data-can result in no decision; overcome by gathering most accurate, reliable, recent and unbiased info
- 2. Lack of accurate analysis-wrong decision when data is sufficient;look at total picture
- 3. Lack of resources-delays decisions;prevents best decision from being made leading to unacceptable comprimise; implement in phases
- 4-Lack of management/member support-doomed from start;team build communicate empower members
- 5- Lack of commitment- ineffective decisions; use oral and written public commitment to overcome
- 6- Lack of capacity-authority and ability...overcoming may require building of political alliances
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What is the Abilene Paradox?
- Go along w/ group decision even though they may disagree instead of dissenting the group
- Symptoms-
- 1. members agree in private about problem
- 2. agree in private about solution
- 3. fail to communicate their private desires to each other
- 4. this failure lead to group making counterproductive decisions
- 5. process frustrates members
- 6. cycle repeats until communication improves
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