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exigence
writer's motivation to write; speaker's to speak
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rhetorical devices
devices that cause the reader to agree with the writer
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LIDDS
Language, Imagery, Diction, Detail, Syntax
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tone
shows what author's attitude(s) is/are
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attitude
author's feelings toward a particular subject they are speaking/ writing about
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stucture of argument
organization, sometimes logical, circular, anecdoatl, or narrative
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ethos
author's credibility
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situational ethos
a person's reputation
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inventive ethos
how the particular person is percieved
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logos
logic, facts, logical reasoning
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pathos
appeal to emotion, effective; desire, patriotism, etc....
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cultural context
language, expectation of audience
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thesis
central idea of persuasion, in intro usually
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implied thesis
never clearly stated, yet understood
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assertion
main argument that supporsts thesis; topic sentence
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point of view
perspective/ stance from which an author writes; 1st person, 2nd, 3rd, student to school board v teacher to school board
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call to action
an appeal to do something; vote, consider
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authority
subject matter expert; professer, PhD, etc..
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anaphora
- same words repeated at beginning of sentences, clauses, etc.
- *words have to have meaning, not like "too"- that's paralellism*
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anticipation
to predict and use/ refute opposing arguments
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concession
yield to opposing argument to better counter opponent's argument and boost credibility and logos
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anecdote
short narrative told to provide an example or truth
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parallelism
repetitive, similar structure (chiasmus)
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connotation
emotional implications and expressions drawn from word
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denotation
literal, dictionary definiton of a word
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rhetorical question
question offered by author to emphasixe point and to involve audience, no answer expected
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refutation
prove wrong by argument or evidence
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hortatory subjunctive
- encouraging subjunctive, "let us"
- -inclusion of writer and audience together, raises ethos
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inclusive 3rd person
"we and us"
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scare quotes
- "air quotes", marks used to indicate sarcasm
- -reduces ethos of word or phrase in quotes
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