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Who was Gilgamesh?
- a king of the city-state of Uruk
- a hero in a popular Mesopotamian epic
- a warrior in conflict with the city of Kish
- a legendary loyal friend of Enkidu
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Mesopotamia
- It lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
- It is located in modern-day Iraq
- It was the home of the Sumerians
- It attracted many Semitic-speaking migrants.
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What did Sumerian cities and their governments do?
- organize work on building projects
- rule over the area surrounding the city
- oversee the construction and maintenance of irrigation systems
- organize the defense of the city against attacks.
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Sargon of Akkad
was a gifted administrator and warrior.
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Hammurabi's code
- punishments that differ according to social class
- prescribe the death penalty
- regulate commercial transactions, wages, and prices
- rely the on the principle of retaliation
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Peoples who ruled a mesopotamian empire
- Assyrians
- Hittites
- Chaldeans
- Akkadians.
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Latest invention
iron metallurgy
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Social classes of ancient mesopotamia
priests and priestesses were powerful rulers over temple communities
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Cuneiform writing
involved wedge-shaped symbols pressed onto clay with a reed
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Mesopotamian documents
- commercial and taxation documents
- documents on astronomy and mathematics
- epic literature.
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The Epic of Gilgamesh
- recounts the adventures of Gilgamesh and his friend
- describes the hero's efforts to attain immortality
- explored relations between humans and the gods
- contemplates the meaning of life and death.
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The religious beliefs of the Israelites after Moses included
monotheism
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After the tenth century B.C.E., the Israelites experienced
- the division of the kingdom of Israel
- conquest by the Assyrians
- the destruction of Jerusalem by the New Babylonian empire
- the return of deportees to Judea where they became known as Jews
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The Phoenicians
- were prosperous based on their sea trade and commercial networks.
- alphabetic script
- Astarte
- city-states
- shipbuilding.
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According to the excerpt "Israelites" Relations with Neighboring Peoples,"
Solomon sent laborers to Hiram.
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Who first deduced the existence of an Indo-European culture?
nineteenth-century linguists.
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The key element in the expansion of the Indo-Europeans from their homeland was
horses
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Which of the following was not an area to which the Indo-Europeans migrated?
east and southeast Asia.
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The Greek historian Herodotus proclaimed Egypt "the gift of the Nile" because, in his account,
the reliable rhythm of the Nile created fertile land, which supported a remarkably productive agricultural economy.
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Around 5000 B.C.E. the climate in northern Africa began to change by
getting hotter and drier
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The Nile
used to flood very predictably.
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In contrast to Egypt, Nubian agriculture
required extensive preparation of the soil
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Unification of Egyptian rule came about through the conqueror
Menes
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The Egyptian pyramids
- were built during the Old Kingdom.
- served as royal tombs.
- are testimony to the power of the pharaoh.
- stand at Giza.
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Mummification, pyramids, and funerary rituals in ancient Egypt were extremely costly and troublesome. The customs prevailed for several thousand years because
Egyptians believed in an afterlife
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In ancient Egypt, the largest pyramid was that of
Khufu.
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After the Hyksos invasion
the Egyptians adopted horses and chariots in their military.
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After the tenth century, the Kingdom of Kush
- conquered Egypt
- established a capital at Napata
- claimed the title of pharaoh.
- warred with the Assyrians.
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Important cities in ancient Egypt
- Tani
- Heliopoli
- Thebe
- Memphis
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Unlike Egypt, Nubian society
saw many more women rulers.
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Egyptian writing
It included hieroglyphic, hieratic, demotic, and Coptic scripts.
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A significant difference between Nubian and Egyptian religion was that
Nubians did not mummify their dead.
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The original Bantu people
- spoke a language in the Niger-Congo family
- settled mostly on the banks of rivers
- came from what is now Nigeria
- cultivated yams and palm oils.
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With regard to the Bantu migrations,
they placed pressure on the forest dwellers by moving inland.
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Iron metallurgy
helped the Bantu expand their agricultural land.
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associated with agricultural societies south of the Sahara
- cultivation of yams, oil palms, and sorghum
- herding sheep, cattle, pigs
- age sets and initiation rites
- monotheistic religions.
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