Perio Final part 1

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  1. Attachment apparatus consists of periodontal tissues involved in the attachment and support of the root in the tooth socket containing?
    • (1) PDL
    • (2) cementum
    • (3) alveolar bone
  2. The periodontium contains?
    • 1. gingiva
    • 2. PDL
    • 3. cementum
    • 4. alveolar bone
  3. Masticory mucosa forms a protective covering over the other components of the periodontium and includes?
    • 1. gingiva (free, interdental, and attached)
    • 2. hard palate
  4. Free gingiva
    • surrounds the neck of the tooth; smooth, firm surface
    • KERATINIZED
  5. Gingival crevice
    • space between the tooth and gingiva
    • contains GCF
  6. Attached gingiva
    • not moveable tissue
    • pigmentation
    • stippling
    • KERATINIZED
  7. Interdental papilla
    • extension of the free gingiva
    • anterior=pyramidal
    • posterior=flat
  8. Col
    • posterior teeth
    • concavity apical to the contact area
    • NONKERATINIZED
  9. Features of healthy gingiva
    • pink
    • firm
    • stippled
    • knife-like margins
    • interdental papilla
  10. GCF
    • bathes the gingival crevice subgingivally
    • originates from blood vessels; both protective and destructive
    • increased GCF=increased inflammation
  11. GCF assay
    • Advantages: rapid and inexpensive; technique insensitive; good for screening purposes; in-office use
    • Disadvantages: cannot identify specific bacteria; need sufficient amount of enzymes
  12. Gingival fibers
    • circular
    • dentogingival
    • dentoperiosteal
    • alveologingival
    • transseptal
  13. circular
    • encircles tooth within free gingiva
    • supports and contour of the free gingiva
  14. dentogingival
    • from base of sulcus, flares coronally into the free gingiva, laterally into the attached gingivam and apically into the periosteum
    • support of the gingiva
  15. dentoperiosteal
    • from cementum apically over the alveolar crest into periosteum
    • anchors tooth to bone
  16. Alveologingival
    • from periosteum of the alveolar crestal bone coronally into the connective tissue
    • attached gingiva to alveolar bone
  17. transseptal
    • from cementum of one tooth interproximally to the cementum of the adjacent tooth
    • keeps teeth in alignmnent and protects the interproximal bone from inflammatory infiltrate
  18. Basal lamina
    paired with hemidesmosomes; epithelial attachment- attachment between junctional epithelium and the tooth surface
  19. Lamina lucida
    outer electron-lucent (lighter) zone
  20. Lamina densa
    inner electron-dense (darker) zone
  21. Principal fibers
    • alveolar crest
    • hoizontal
    • oblique
    • apical
    • interradicular
  22. alveolar crest fibers
    • from cementum, apically into alveolar crest
    • resists lateral movement of tooth to keep in socket
    • first fiber to be formed after tooth eruption
  23. horizontal fibers
    • from cementum, right angles into bone
    • opposes lateral forces
    • second fiber to be formed as soon as there is tooth-to-tooth contact
  24. oblique fibers
    • middle third of the root apical to horizontal fibers
    • from cementum and runs coronally and diagnoally into bone
    • absorbs occlusal forces
    • the most abundant and thus the principal attachment of the tooth
  25. apical fibers
    • from cementum of the apex, spreads apically and laterally into bone
    • resists tipping
    • one of the last to form
  26. interradicular fibers
    • from the crest of the interradicular septum to cementum in the furcation area
    • resists foces of luxation and tipping
    • lost when bone is destroy in the fucation area in disease
  27. cementum
    • a layer of mineralized tissue covering the root of the tooth and is composed of collagen, ground substance, cells and calcium and phosphate in the form of hydroxyapatite
    • Primary function: attach the principal fibers to the root surface
  28. acellular cementum
    • formed before tooth eruption; found in the coronal 2/3 of the root; approx. .1mm thick
    • CEJ is the thinnest area
  29. cellular cementum
    • apical 1/3 of the rooth and furcation
    • 5mm thick
    • formed faster than acellular cementum
  30. components of the alveolar bone
    • alveolar bone proper: directly supports the tooth
    • 1. cribiform plate: hard compact bone that lines the tooth socket
    • 2. bundle bone
    • 3. lamina dura
    • supporting bone: compact bone
    • 1. compact cortical plates>dense: covers the alveolar process
    • 2. spongy cancellous trabecular bone> between plates
  31. prevalence
    number of individuals having disease at a given time
  32. incidence
    rate of new cases occuring within a certain period of time
  33. severity
    degree of periodontal disease involvement> nild/moderate/severe
  34. extent
    number or percentage of disease teeth per person> localized or generalized
  35. Risk factors
    • characteristics that have been shown directly cause perio disease> not causal but put the person at risk
    • used to predict the occurrence of diseae
  36. Risk indicator
    • behavioral and socioeconomic characteristics that are associated with periodontal disease but are not considered cause of disease
    • i.e.-aging, is considered risk indicator for perio diseae but does not cause disease
  37. Risk factors and Indicator for Periodontal Disease
    • poor oral hygiene
    • tobacco
    • genetics
    • age
    • stress
    • history of perio
    • systemic disease
    • male
    • immunocompromised
    • race
    • dental care
    • interleukin-1 production
  38. O'Leary: visual record of plaque distribution; showns the LOCATION of insufficient plaque removal
    • a complete assessment of all tooth surfaces, but will not pick up differences in plaque quantity
    • done in private practice
    • ideal = <10%
  39. Silness and Loe: measures the thickness or AMOUNT of plaque along the gingival margin
    good for research purposes but qualitative changes can be measured, but it is somewhat subjective and limited to the cervical portion of the tooth
  40. Indices of periodontal destruction
    measures severity and extent; measures past disease activity rather than currrent or future
  41. Periodontal index (Russell): visual index without periodontal probings
    • measures inflammation, pocket formation, and loss of function
    • measures both periodontitis and gingivitis in the same index
  42. The community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN)
    • measures periodontal pockets, calculus, and gingival bleeding
    • developed by World Health Organization (WHO)
    • measures severity of periodontal conditions and treatment needs
    • simple, but only selected teeth are measured
  43. Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR)
    • measures periodontal pockets, calculus, bleeding and defective resortations
    • for general practice
    • evaluates patients treatment needs
    • records periodontal status of patient in private practice
  44. Dental Biofilm: matrix-enclosed bacterial populations adherence to each other and/or to surfaces of interfaces
    • dental plaque exists as a biofilm>primary risk factor for periodontal disease
    • can only be removed by toothbrushing, or scaling and root planning
    • extracellular matrix: protects the bacteria from external sources such as antibiotics/antimicrobials
  45. Characteristics of "normal" oral microbiota
    • aerobic
    • nonmotile
    • gram-positive
  46. Chronic Periodontitis bacteria
    • P. gingivalis
    • T. forythensis
    • P. intermedia
    • Eikenella corrodens
  47. Gerenalized Aggressive Periodontitis Bacteria
    • P. intermedia
    • A. actinomycetemcomitans (A.A)
  48. Localized Aggressive Periodontits Bacteria
    • Capnocytophage species
    • A. actinomycetemcomitans (A.A)
  49. Bacteria found in health
    • Streptococcus sanguis
    • Streptococcus mitis
    • Veillonella species
    • Actinomyces naeslundii
    • Actinomyces viscosus
  50. Red complex bacteria: more dominant and more numerical at late stages of plaque development
    • P. gingivalis
    • T. forythensis
    • T. denticola
  51. Oral Biofilm Phase I (initiation)
    • appears 1-2 days
    • gram+
    • clonal expansion lateral, perpendicular to tooth
    • thin continuous band at gingival margin with clear zone
  52. Oral Biofilm Pase II
    • appears 2-4 days
    • Gram+ rods
    • Gram- species
    • Anaerobes become to occupy interstices
    • Zone obliterated: Marginal back thicker
  53. Oral Biofilm Phase III
    • 4-7 days
    • Gram+rods and Palisades OBLITERATED
    • Difficult to distinguish rows
    • plaque extends coronally; thickens
    • PMNs increase in crevice
  54. Oral Biofilm Phase III (7-11days)
    • 7-11 days
    • Clinical: inflammation at subclinical level; PMNs, enlargement at gingiva
    • Histological: Bacteria migrates subgingival; move toward chemottractants; others piggyback apically by coaggregation
  55. Characteristics of Subgingival biofilm
    • Growth, accumulation and pathogenicity are strongly influenced by supragingival biofilm
    • edema causes gingival enlargment and alters the anatomic relationship btwn the tooth surface and the gingival margin and allows the bacteria to invade the subgingival dental plaque on the root surface or adjacent to the epithelial tissue in the sulcus.
  56. Microbiota of subgingival biofilm
    • anerobic
    • gram-negative
    • motile
    • asacchrolytic
  57. Types of subgingival plaque
    • tooth associated
    • tissue associated
    • unattached subgingival plaques
  58. tooth associated subgingival plaque
    • densely packed strongly adherent to tooth surface (biofilm)
    • Gram+ rods, cocci, filmentous bacteria
    • Facultative aerobic or facultative anaerobes
    • less virulent (limited ability to cause disease)
    • REMOVED BY SCALING AND ROOT PLANNING
  59. Tissue associated subgingival plaque
    • Loosely packed, loosely adherent to soft tissue wall
    • Gram-, motile, anaerobic
    • spirochetes, "bottle brush types"
    • more virulent
    • cannot be removed by scaling and root planning
    • SURGICALLY REMOVED
  60. Unattached subgingival plaque
    • Free swimming in pocket (NOT a biofilm)
    • Gram-, motile, anaerobic
    • Spirochetes and others
    • More virulent
    • REMOVED BY FLUSHING
  61. Bacteria known for soft tissue invasion:
    • A.A
    • P. gingivalis
    • spirochetes
  62. What is LOS?
    • Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) is found in the cementum of untreated periodontally involved root surfaces.
    • found on the cell wall of Gram- bacteria
    • can initiate inflammation
    • cuase soft tissue destruction
    • stimulate bone resorption
  63. Exotoxins
    is a toxin released by some bacteria such as A.A that can cause damage to the host by kiling PMNs
  64. Endotoxins
    is a cytotoxic agent released from the cell wall upon death of Gram- bacteria
  65. Acute Inflammation
    • Cause-antigen such as bacteria in dental plaque
    • Involved-PMNs, mononuclear cells (macrophages)
    • Mediators-Vasoactive amine (histamine/bradykinin)
    • immediate onset
    • last several days
    • healing occurs if inflammation is resolved
  66. Chronic Inflammation
    • Cause-unresolved acute inflammation; cont. presence of antigens
    • Involved- monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
    • Mediators-cytokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen species, hydrolytic enzymes
    • delayed onset
    • last a long time (months or years)
    • Tissue destruction
  67. Neutrophil: The Pagocytic cell
    • first line of defense
    • hallmark of acute inflammation
    • one the first defensive cells to be recruited to inflammation site
    • enter gingival crevice and JE
  68. Macrophages: The other Phagocytic Cell
    • monocytes change into MACROPHAGES
    • migrate from the blood vessel into the inflammed CT by chemotaxis and a few cont. into the gingival crevice
    • kills bacteria by phagocytosis
    • secretes prostaglandins and cytokines
  69. Phagocytosis
    • process of engulfing and digesting foreign bacteria
    • process is more effective if opsonins are present
  70. Opsonins
    antibodies or complement that bind to the surface of the bacteria, coating the bacteria so they are easier to be id by the PMNs and to be "swallowed"
  71. The complement system
    • 20-30 plasma proteins that migrate form blood vessels inot gingival tissues and cervicular area during inflammation
    • destroys invaders/antigens and signals to other immune system cells that an attack is occuring
    • generates chemotactic factors, which attract PMNs, Macrophages, and other leukocytes
  72. How is the Complement system activated
    • 1. Classical pathway: antibodies bind to antigens
    • 2. Alternative pathwayL endotoxins activate the sytem
  73. Key elements in the immune response
    • B lymphocytes
    • Antibodies
    • Macrophages
    • Cytokines
    • T-lymphocytes: T-Killer: directly invovled, T-helper: help plasma cells
  74. Two parts of the immune reaction
    • Humoral : B-cells
    • Cellular: T-cells
  75. Key elements in the immune response
    • the major cells in the immune system are WBCs (lymphocytes)
    • Lymphocytes predonminate in the gingival CT
    • the role of the immune system is to "patrol" the body, id pathogens, or damagaed tissue and eliminating them
  76. Humoral immunity
    • most effective against bacteria such as those found in periodontitis
    • B-cells originate in the bone marrow and migrate and deposit in the blood and various lymphatic tissues
  77. Process of Humoral immunity
    • immune response activated
    • macrophages carry antigenic substances to lymph nodes
    • in lymph nodes macrophages present antigens to B-cells
    • B-cells transform to plasma cells and memory cells
    • antibodies are formulated by plasma cells
    • memory cells are inactivated ready to respond if antigen appears
    • plasma cells secrete antiobodies into the blood stream
    • immunoglobulins are produced
    • macrophages phagocytize and digest the debris and stimulate repair
    • plasma cells disappear into GCF while memory cells continue circulating
    • Prostaglandins are potent stimulators of osteoclast activity responsible for bone resorption
  78. Cellular immunity
    • T-cell mediated. T-cells undergo maturation in the THYMUS
    • "watch" tissues
    • T-cells are also called killer T-cells because they can directly kill viruses, cancer cells, parasites, and certain bacteria by boring holes in them
    • Helper T-cells- CD4 receptor: secrete cytokines that activate phagocytic cells to destroy target antigens
    • Cytotoxic T-cells- CD8 receptor
  79. Process of Cellular immunity
    • macrophages presents antigen to T-cell and are now stimulated to produce more T-cells
    • T-cells kill other cells when they are recognized as foreign or have antigen attached
    • AIDS is a manifestation of what happens when T-cells are destroyed

Card Set Information

Author:
 Anonymous
ID:
 97711
Filename:
 Perio Final part 1
Updated:
2011-08-21 00:00:23
Tags:
periodontolgy
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Description:
Periodontology
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