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Enzymes
- Most enzymes are proteins
- Have specific shapes, so they don't have the same shape
- Named according to their job/activity
- Can be measured in a clinical laboratory to look for disease
- Functionally are biological catalysts
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Biological catalysts
- Chemicals that increase the rate of reaction
- Are not changed at the end of the reaction (structure not changed)
- Do not change the nature of the reaction or final result
- Lower the activation enery required
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Mechanism of Enzyme Action
- Substrates have specific shapes (3-dimensional) to fit into the active sites (lock and key model)
- Substrate fits into active sites in enzyme
- ----all happening inside the cell
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Control of Enzyme Activity
The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reaction depends on:
- Concentration of the enzyme in the solution
- Temperature of the solution in which the reaction is occuring
- Ph of the solutiion in which the reaction is occuring
- Concentration of coenzymes/cofactors (helpers) in the solution (helps enzymes to be more efficient
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Effect of temperature
- Rate of reaction increases as temperature increases from 0 C up to 37 C
- Reaction rate plateaus, slightly above body temperature (37 C)
- Above 37 C reaction rate decreases as the temperature continues to increase
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Summary of temperature on enzyme activity
From 0 C reaction rate is very slow, it progressively increases as the temperature increases but them plateaus at 37 C (body temp) and then decreases again as the temperature continues to increase
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Effect of pH
- Each enzyme exhibits peak activity at narrow pH range (pH optimun)
- pH optimum reflects the pH of the body fluid in which the enzyme is found
- If pH changed, so is no longer within the enzyme range; reaction will decrease
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Summary of pH on enzyme activity
Each enzyme has a pH optimun and an increase or decrease in pH can slow down the reaction time
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Enzyme Activation
- Enzymes may be produced in an inactive form
- Phosphorlation/dephosphorylation (Activation/inactivation of an enzyme)
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Metabolic Pathways
- Sequence of enzymatic reactions that begins with initial substrate, progesses through intermediates and ends with a final product (like an assembly line)
- Thousands of enzymatic reaction within a cell do not occur independently of one another-instead they are all connected and effect one another (like branches on a tree)
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