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Who is the discoverer/founder of chiropractic (1895)?
DD Palmer
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Nerve compresssion theory which relates the subluxation to the Chemical, mechanical, psychic and innate. Who is related to this theory?
DD palmer
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Philosophy based upon Structure and Function is related to whom?
DD palmer
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Who is the developer of chiropractic?
BJ palmer
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Who created the cord compression theory?
BJ palmer
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Who is responsible for the Meric Chart of nerve tracing and the HIO technique?
BJ Palmer
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Neurocalometer is an instrument that detects ___?
heat imbalances
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Pelvic distortion model is who's model?
Carver
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They developed a protocol for the treatment of lumbar disc protrusions, spondylos, and facet syndrome?
Flexion/Distraction= Cox/McManus
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SOT was created by?
DeJarnette
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Fixation theory of joint hypomobility is created by:
Gillet/Faye
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Subluxations are all posterior with disc wedging is created by?
Gonstead
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Upper cervical specific technique focused around the dentate ligament is developed by:
Grostic
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Father of Homeopathy (DILUTION)
Hahnemann
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Father of modern medicine?
Hippocrates
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First person to manipulate?
Hippocrates
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Fixation therory based on hyper mobility, also described the SI movement and pelvic dynamics?
Illi
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Developed a 3 phase model of instability--> dysfunction, unstable, subluxation?
Kirkaldy/Willis
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Who created the segmental facilitation theory?
Korr
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Who wrote the first chiropractic textbook in 1906?
Langworthy
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Founder of the the technique which uses the sacrum as the keystone to the spine, also the first to use heel lifts?
Logan
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2 scientists in the field of biomechanics of the spine?
Panjabi and white
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33 principles of chiropractic and "Saftey pin" cycle?
Stephenson
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Founder of osteopathy?
Sill
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Who named "Chiropractic"?
Samuel Weed
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The 5 component model of subluxation includes what:
- Neuropathophysiology-
- Kinesiopathophysiology-
- Myopathology-
- Histopathology-
- Pathophysiology
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5 signs of inflammation are:
rubor, calor, tumor, dolor, and loss of fuction
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according to the myopathology based on Hiltons Law a spasm is a _____ condition, whereas Atrophy is a _____ condition.
acute, chronic
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psychovisceral reflex is an example of what model of chirpractic theories?
Neurological reflex model
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Gate control theory of pane states that within the _____ several factors can block or facilitate the transmission of pain?
substatian gelatinosa
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Signals in the "gate" control theory travel on _____ fibers greatly depressing pain transmission.
fast, type A afferent fibers
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Pain travels on what type of fibers?
slow, type c
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the most common location for compression of the vertebral artery is over the ____.
posterior arch of C1
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the most compression to the vertebral artery occurs at ____
Rotation and extension of C1/C2
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VBAI symptoms include:
ataxia, diplopia, dizziness, diarrhea, dysphagia, falling to side, nausea, numbness, nystagmus, visual disturbances, and vomiting
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Nerve roots are made of ____-neurium, which do not have the strong connective tissue sheaths.
endo
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___ flow transports the products necessary for trophic or growth functions.
Angerograde- more common and faster!
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___ flow transports materials from the nerve terminals to the cell bodies.
Retrograde, slower and less common.
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____ transmission of axoplasmic flow, brings products/wastes to the cell body.
Retrograde
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____ transmission of axoplasmic flow, is focused on trophic/growth functions
anterograde
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what theory was used to explain the HIO technique?
Cord Compression
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Compresssive myelopathy refers to the destruction of the spinal cord caused by pressure from:
neoplasms, hematomas or other masses
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Facilitation hypothosis has the following AKA's:
- fixation theory
- segmental facilitation
- segmental hypothesis
- gamma motor gain
- proprioceptive insult
- sympatheticotonia
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Constant bombardment of nocioception lowers the threshod for firing in this segment is known as ____ with the ____theory.
proprioceptive insult, fixation theory/facilitation hypothesis
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_____ is stressful to the viscera and other body structures, lowered tissue resistence can modify immune responses.
neural dysfunction (neurodystrophic hypothesis/nueroimmunomodulation)
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General adaption syndrome states that exposure to stress can cause "____"
"diseases of adatptation"
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under optimum conditions the body can respond to ______ by adapting to them.
various stressors
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The 4 stages of adaption include:
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the neuroendocrine mechanism is a ___.
response to stress
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The ___ ligament holds the dens in fovea dentalis of atlas.
Transverse
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the ADI is related to which ligament?
transverse
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this ligament is cross shaped, connecting C0 to the body of C2.
cruciate
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this ligament goes from the sides of the dens to occipital condyles
Alar ligament "check ligament"
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this ligament limits rotation of C2
alar ligament
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this ligament limits flexion and extention of C2
apical dental ligament
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21 ligaments made of pia mater connecting the dura along the spinal cord.
dentate ligament.
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This ligament runs in front of the vertebral bodies from the sacrum to C2.
ALL
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This ligament is the continuation of the ALL from Atlas to Occiput/ which limits extension.
Ant. Atlanto-occipital
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this ligament runs along the back of the vertebral bodies, anterior portion of the canal?
PLL
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This ligament is wider in the cervicals, thinner at lumbars and thinest is L5, which limits flexion.
PLL
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Continuation of the PLL from C2 to occiput which limits flexion.
Tectorial membrane
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this is fibrocartilage, symphysis and makes up 25% of the height of the spine.
IVD
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This ligament runs lamina to lamin along the posterior portion of the canal
Ligamentum flavum
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This ligament is responsible for canal stenosis when it is hypertrophied
ligamentum flavum
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this is a continuation of the ligamentum flavum from C2 to C1.
posterior atlantoaxial
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this ligament is a continuation of the ligamentum flavum at C1 to Co.
posterior atlantooccipital
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this ligament becomes the arcuate forame when calcified.
posterior atlantooccipital
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this ligament is found between the articular processes
capsular ligament
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which nerve fiber detects stretch and sensory to joint position, vibration, etc.?
Alpha, 1A
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which nerve fiber detechs touch/pressure, and tension (GTO).
A beta, 1 B GTO, II
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which fiber is for fast pain (pressure pain)?
A Delta, III
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which fiber is for slow pain, temperature?
C fiber, IV
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which tract is responsible for the extensor muscles of the back and legs?
Vetibulospinal "wear your vest on your back"
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which tract is responsible for rotation of the cervical spine in reaction to light or sound?
Tectospinal
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reflex to light is processed at which colliculus?
superior
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reflex to sound is processed at which colliculus?
inferior
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____ spinothatlamic tract is for pain and temperature?
lateral
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____ spinothalamic tract for crude tough and pressure?
ventral
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the ____ is responsible for conscious proprioception, vibration, joint position sense and 2 point discrimination.
DCML: dorsal columns medial lemniscus
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Muscle spindle cells, type ___ fibers, detect ___.
1 a fibers, Stretch
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Golgi tendon oragns, type __, detect ___.
1 b fibers, tension
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Astrocytes are responsible for:
the blood brain barrier and storing glucose
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which specialized cell of the nervous system is a macrophage?
microglia
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which specialized cell lines ventricles and produces CSF?
ependymal cells
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which specialized cell produces myelin in the CNS?
oligodendrocytes
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what is a demyelination disease of the CNS?
MS
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which specialized cell is from neural crest cells and produces myelin in the PNS?
Schwann cells
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what is a demyelination disease of the PNS?
Guillain- Barre
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Which plexus' are from neural crest cells that allows for peristalsis?
- Meissners- submucosal
- Auerbachs- muscular/meinteric
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these specialized cells are from neural crest cells and inhibit alpha motor neurons:
renshaw cells
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Sympathetics are located at which __, and activated in ____ responses.
T1-L2, fight or flight
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parasympathetics are located at which ____, and are activated in ___ responses.
Craniosacral, rest-digest/peed, feed, breed/urination, defication, eating, sexual activity
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skin vasoconstriction, increased sudomotor activity and pupil dialation w/ tachycardia is which response?
Sympathetics
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increased peristalsis, depressed respiration, pupil constriction and bradycardia are related to:
parasympathetics
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the tonsils are at which meric level?
C2/3
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the heart and lungs are at which meric level?
T1-T4
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the gallbladder is at which meric level?
T4
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the stomach is at which meric level?
t5-9
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T6-10 on the meric chart respond with which three organs?
Liver, pancreas, gallbladder
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the kidney is located at which meric chart level?
T10-12
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the ovary and colon are sympathetically driven and located at which meric chart level?
L1-L2
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the colon and uterus are parasympathetically drive and located at which meric chart level?
Sacrum
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The anterior boundry of the IVF is the:
bodies: cervical/uncinates and the IVD
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the superior and inferior boundries of the IVF are:
pedicles
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the posterior boundry of the IVF is:
z-joints, facets
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Compression in the IVF is from what 4 things:
fat, veins, arteries, nerves
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what is most sensitive to compression and located inside the IVF?
DRG:dorsal root ganglion
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rate the pressure changes in the disc from least to most:
- least: recumbent
- standing
- sitting
- sitting leaning forward
- jumping: most!
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compressive load to the disc causes ____
fracture of the end plate
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nutrition to the disc is by way of ___
imbibition (motion)
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allodynia is the perception of ___ from a normally ___ stimulus.
pain, non-painful
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Wallerian degeneration results in:
temporary paralysis and sensory changes.
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viscoelastic material deforms with time when it is under constant applied load:
creep
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___ treats patients with heavily diluted preparations which are thought to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented.
homeopathy
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loss of energy during Cyclic loading/unloading of a viscoelastic substance is known as:
hysteresis
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SI joint or facet pain is described as a ___ pain pattern.
sclerotogenous
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the ___ nerve goes to the PLL, Ligamentum flavum, anterior dura but not to the ALL.
Sinu-vertebral nerve (aka: recurrent meningial)
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the principle that maintains the laws of physics and chemistry but cannot describe the nature of life:
vitalism
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the bone remodeling due to stress is what law?
wolffs
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the trunk of a nerve branches to a muscle, the joint moved by the muscle and the skin overlying the muscle is the __ law.
Hiltons
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increased epiphyseal pressure leads to decreased growth and vice/versa is which law?
heuter-volkman
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the anterior horn of the cord is motor while the posterior horn is sensory is described by which law:
Bell-Magendie
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the sensation perceived by the examiner during PASSIVE ROM:
end feel
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the normal resistence felt when joint motion is restricted by soft tissue: elbow flexion is an example of:
soft tissue approximation
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an abrupt halt a two hard surfaces meet when full ROM is achieved (elbow extension)
bony
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guarded resisted muscular contration, which is a possible contraindication for adjusting:
spasm
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a hard arrest with a slight give which may indicate a subacute to chronic arthritis is:
capsular feel
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the slight rebound at the end of ROM may suggest an internal derangement is described by:
springy block
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pain is felt by the paitent before Full ROM is achieved which suggest possible pathology describes:
empty feel
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which fixation is secondary to chronic hypertonicity of muscles, exhibiting a restricted mobility w a rubbery end block?
muscular fixation according to gillet
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a chronically fixated segment which palpates as a hard block with no end play with normal ROM is described by gillet as which fixation?
ligamentous
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a major fixation due to intra-articular adhesions is described by gillet by:
articular/capsular fixation
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fixation due to exostosis, displaying free ROM with an abrupt, complete, hard arrest (advanced djd) can be described by gillet's fixation:
bony
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a written report on the details of a series of cases is:
case series
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a study that reviews events that have already occured describes __ study.
prospective
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when the patients are divided into two or more groups on a randomized basis describes a ___ study.
randomized control
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the proportion of times a procedure is correct in a patient describes:
specificity
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the consistency of a measurement is described by:
reliability
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the degree to which an observation is an indication of the true statement describes:
validity
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the nerve compression theory was developed by ____
DD palmer
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the HIO technique is what theory
Cord Compression/ bj palmer
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the antegrade and retrograde transmission is described by ___ theory
axoplasmic aberration
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the ___ theory was developed by Irwin Korr
fixation theory
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Immunity and neuroendocrine fuction as it relates to the general adaptive syndrome is described by __ theory.
neurodystrophic/neuroimmunomodulation theory, Selye's work
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the SNS/PNS balance and modulation is described by the SAR reflex and the ___ theory.
somatoautonomic.
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mechanoreceptor funck, biochemical aberration is used to describe __ theory.
proprioceptive insult
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the dentate ligament, meningeal torsion is used to describe ___ theory.
dural torque
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VBAI is a compromise of the cerebral blood flow with the symptoms apparent after which ROMs?
rotation and extention
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the X axis is responsible for ___ motion, around the ___ plane.
Flex/Ext, sagital
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the y axis is responsible for ___ motion, around the __ plane.
rotation/supination/pronation, transverse
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the z axis is responsible for __ motion, around the __ plane
LF, coronal plane
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Loose packed position:
flexion
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Lig. Flavum hypertrophy=
spinal stenosis (Cord myelopathy= bj palmer)
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Stress modulators increase the ___
stress threshold
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LBP down the posterior thigh
scleratogenous pain
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shoulder impingement limits
ab/adduction
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Efferent pathway is ___ to ___.
Brain to tissues
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increased mechanoreceptor stimulation inhibits
Pain
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VBAI, most complications occur at the level of:
C1/C2
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What ligament decreases extension of the c-spine?
ALL
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The primary motion of C1/C2 is:
rotation
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Lateral flexion in the spine is correlated to what structure?
uncinate
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what ligament is weakest at L5?
PLL
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What nerve innervates the posterior aspect of the disc?
Recurrent meningeal
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ipsilateral weakness with decreased extension is ____-pathy.
Myelopathy
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lateral spinothalamic tract is responsible for:
pain and temperature
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afferent for proprioception ends at the __ part of the brain.
cortex
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anterograde axoplasmic flow is responsible for ___ function
trophic
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Restricted CSF flow in the body decreases:
nutrition
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ability to duplicate a research study is:
reliability
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patient presents with dizziness, nausea and tinnitis they probably are having:
lateral meduallary syndrome, PICA, Wallenburg syndrome
-
segmental fization leads to:
proprioceptive insult
-
Repetition of loading/unloading results in:
hysteresis
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Constant load results in:
creep
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What organ is related on the meric chart to a problem at T4?
gallbladder
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Scleratogenous pain can be described as:
dull achy pain
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a change in the bone due to stress and strain is ___ law.
wolf's
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the gravity line on lateral xray falls:
posterior to patella
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lumbar bodies hold more weight than cspine because:
they have increased surface area
-
intra-articular folds in the zjoints are called
meniscoids
-
groove at the posterior aspect of the body is for what:
transverse ligament
-
What predisposes a patient for VBAI
atherosclerosis
-
father of homeopathy?
hahnemann
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meniscoid entrapment would do what to ROM?
decrease
-
sinu-vertebral nerve doesnt innervate what ligament?
Ant. long. lig
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what part of the cervical spine is the most unstable upper 1/3, middle 1/3 or lower 1/3?
Upper 1/3
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what technique uses thermography for their analysis?
upper cervical
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what is the tract for vibration?
dorsal columns
-
MC place for Nerve root compression?
Lateral canal
-
weakest part of the disc?
post-lateral
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nutrition to a disc is called___
imbibition
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what responds to TENSION and causes relaxation?`
GTO
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what is an intra articular tab?
meniscoid
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steady deformation causes ___
creep
-
correct order of GAS:
Alarm, resist, adapt, exhaust
-
what ligament limits rotation of the cervicals?
alar
-
last stage of the inflammatory response is:
ankylosis
-
who developed his medicine around circulation?
Still : osteopathy
-
Segmental dysfunction was developed by:
korr
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what is the most sensative to compression in the ivf?
Dorsal Root Ganglion
-
what is the first structure to be compressed in the IVF
- Veins
- However, if Fat is listed as a choice- pick that. Fat-Adipose/ V.A.N
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