-
At, in
Indicates the place where an action takes place
で
- 夏休みの時、コンビニではたらきました。
- During summer vacation, I worked at a convenience store.
-
In, at, on, toward, to
1. Indicates the location where someone or something exists
2. Indicates the place where an action is directed or reaches
に
- 公園に小さい湖があります。
- In the park there's a little lake.
- 家に帰ったら、母に電話しました。
- When I got home, I called my mother.
-
Along, over, across
A person or thing passes
を
- かいだんをおりた。
- I went down the stairs.
-
Till, as far as, up to, until
Indicates a limit (time, place, numeral)
まで
- 二十歳になるまでサンタクロースにしんじていた。
- I believed in Santa Claus until I was 20 years old.
-
By, by the time
Indicates a time limit
までに
- ６時半までには帰ってきてね。
- Come home by 6:30.
-
As many, as much, long as
Indicates emphasis
Numeral + も
その小さい車にピエロが２０人も入っていた。 There were as many as 20 clowns in that small car.
-
Only, no more than
- Numeral/noun + しか
- (used with a negative verb)
- ヨーロッパに一回しか行ったことがありません。
- I've only been to Europe once.
-
For, in
Numeral + で
- １２年間でサンフランシスコに住んでいました。
- I lived in San Francisco for 12 years.
-
Any~
- Interrogative + でも
- (anywhere, anybody, anytime, etc.)
- だれでもそれは読めます。
- Anybody can read it.
-
Some~, any~
- Interrogative + か
- (somebody, somewhere, sometime, somehow, etc.)
- だれか助けて！
- Someone please help!
-
Even, or something
Noun + でも
- 酒でも飲もうよ。
- Let's have a drink or something.
- 子供でもこの仕事ができる。
- Even children can do this work.
-
And so on, among other things; such things as; or something like that
- Noun + とか
- (Used to give examples)
- 飲み物とかカップとかナプキンは、いらない？
- You don't need (things like) drink, cup, or napkin, etc.
-
That
Plain form + と
- おばあちゃん、もうそろそろ着くと思うよ。
- I think that my grandmother will arrive soon.
-
Tell someone to do (something)
- Dictionary form + ようにいう
- ない-form + ようにいう
- 医者は私に一週間ベッドに寝ているように言った。
- The doctor demanded I stay in bed for a week.
-
B is called A
A noun + という + B noun
- 「桜」という曲、聞いたことあるの？
- Have you ever heard the song called "Sakura"?
-
Hear, smell, taste
- がする
- (used to describe a phenomenon that is perceivable by the senses)
- そのコーヒーはいい匂いがする。
- That coffee smells good.
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