Physiology

• passive diffusion-moves from high concentration to low
• facilitated diffusion-same as passive diffusion except their is a protein carrier molecule
• active transport-moves against concentration gradient. requires energy and molecule

serves as a selective barrier between the extracellular and intracellular spaces

Controls the cells activity and contains genetic material

binds the nucleus and made of 2 lipid bilayer membranes

lives within the nucleus and assembles the ribosomes

mass surrounding the cell. contains the organelles needed for the cells basic functions

pumps blood to all organs

pumps venous blood nthrough the lungs where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen.

the atria primer pumps which increase the effectiveness of ventricular pumping, while the ventricles function as pumps for propulsion of blood

prevents backflow of blood into the atrium

• Pulmonary
• Tricuspid (R AV valve)-3 cusps
• Aortic
• Mitral (L AV valve)-2 cusps
• Semilunar valve (pulmonary valve)

The pulmonary artery

• R atrium
• R AV valve (tricuspid valve)
• R ventricle
• R pulmonary valve
• pulmoary artery
• lungs
• pulmonary vein
• L atrium
• LAV valve

arterioles

venules

• lymph capillaries dont have tight junctions between endothelial cells, as blood capillaries do.
• lymph capillaries have fine filaments that anchor the lymph vessels to the surrounding connecting tissue.

lymphocytes and antibodies

supplying red blood cells(erythrocytes) with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide

Alveoli

• inspiration- breath in
• expiration- breath out

• carbon dioxide decreases-cause of rapid breathing
• PH increases-cause H ions & bicarbonate form (H₂CO3)

• carbon dioxide increases-cause no rapid breathing
• PH decreases-cause of rise in concentration of H ions

• carnivores (dogs, cats)-eat meat
• omnivores (humans, pigs)-both meat and plants
• herbivores- plant eaters
• complex(4 chamber stomach)ruminants (cattle sheep)
• simple stomach(horse)

• Protection
• reservoir for minerals (calcium & phosphorus)
• manufactures blood cells

• Cranial cavity protects the brain
• thoracic cavity protects heart and lungs
• forms bony cavity

causes the body to move when its muscles contract

chemical substance secreted into circulation by a ductless gland and carried in the blood to another area of the body where it gives a biological response

• steroid hormone-derived from cholesterol
• peptide hormone-produced from the pituitary gland
• amino acid- derived from tyrosine in the throid gland

• anterior and posterior pituitary gland
• hypothalamus
• thyroid gland
• parathyroid gland
• adrenal gland
• pancreas
• ovaries
• testes

• 2 kidneys
• 2 ureters
• bladder
• urethra

• produce hormones
• excrete subtances like drugs
• maintain blood volume
• help regulate PH of body fluids

False...they are irreplaceable. they rest until recruited which happens when another nephron becomes dysfunctional

• ovary-ova
• testes-sperm

control and organize activities of the body

neuron or nerve cell

• CNS- central nervous system
• PNS-peripheral nervous system

• CNS- brain & spinal cord
• PNS- all structures outside the CNS

• 60%
• 40% inside the cells/20% outside the cells

in extracelluar fluid which includes plasma and fluid bathing the tissues

the body recieves input and produce a subsequent action that contradicts the input

emptying of the urinary bladder

• glomerulus,
• Bowman's capsule
• proximal convoluted tubule
• loop of Henle
• distal convoluted tubule

hemoglobin in erythrocytes

muscle fiber

skeletal

dendrites

acetylcholine

• light
• temp
• fullness
• pain

spermatogenisis

• renal
• digestive
• cardiovascular
• reproductive
• muscular
• skeletal
• nervous
• respiratory

• epithelial
• muscle
• connective tissue
• nerve

800,000

• platelets
• help in blood coagulation

• red blood cells
• transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and assist in the transportation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the tissues to the lungs.

• white blood cells
• help fight infection against disease

synthesis protein

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

• the "powerhouse"
• provides the cell with energy neccesary for functioning

• "2nd line of defense"
• infiltrate injured tissue by moving blood out through capillary walls

packed cell volume or hemotocrit

Process by which extracellular material enters a cell

Endocytosis of large foreign microorganisms and other cells into the cytoplasm of the cell

Endocytosis of dissolved soluble molecules into the cytoplasm of the cell

Process by which the contents of a cytoplasmic vesicle exit the cell

• horse 35%
• dog 46%
• cat 37%
• anemia = value onder 30%

to lubricate reducing friction between the lungs and other structures in the thorax and facilitating movement of the lungs

liver

a decrease in RBC's content and HB content

albumin, fibrinogen,and glubulins

hormones

transport of nutrients and oxygen and waste products for metabolism

low serum proteins (hypoproteinemia)

in response to bacteria and toxins in the tissue, tissue mast cells and basophils secrete histamines. Histamines causes blood vessells to dialate, which increases blood flow to infected area.

a decrease in the number of leukocytes

an increase in leukocytes

an uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal leukocytes and their precursors

an abnormal increase in the number of circulation red blood cells

• coating tubes with silicone
• adding chelating that remove calcium
• add heparin

for blood coagulation

maintenance of relatively constant conditions in their cellular enviroments

cells power house/supplies chemical energy

help break down waste products and aid in digestion