Bio Week 1

The study of life

• Method of investigation
• removes emotions from ideas
• ex. grapefruit or drug to prolong life for rats

• 1. order ex. rocks, diamonds
• 2. regulation ex. ears on rabbits
• 3. energy processing ex. celluar respiration, photosynthesis
• 4. growth and development ex. crystals grow into minerals, fire
• 5. reproduction ex. sexual, fire reproduces
• 6. response to the environment ex. fox loses white fur
• 7. evolve: change in population over time, natural selection. individuals cant evolve in bio

atoms-->molecules--> organelles(subcellular)--> cells (basic unit of life)-->tissues (similar cells for common purpose)--> organs (collection of tissue for common purpose)--> organism (individual)--> population (all members of one species)-->communities (diff species interacting together)--> biosphere

the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. allows for why atoms work together. ex. break down car

• Convert light to energy (photosynthesis)/animals.
• nutrients get recycled this way.

• function! shape of things is important.
• Ex. birds=large surface area due to wings, hollow bones.
• neurons- high speed communication/ one long narrow strand to travel fastest.
• mitochondria-inner membrane is folded to increase surface area

All life is made up of 1 or more cells.

• cell membrane
• molecule heretity (DNA)
• ribosomes (protein synthesis)

prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes

• "before the nucleus"
• no nucleus
• no organelles
• bacteria
• small 0.5-10 micrometers (millionth of meter)

• "true nucleus"
• nucleus+membrane bound organelles
• 10-100 micrometers

• maintenance of internal conditions within a tolerable range
• ex. body temperature
• Hot--->sweat---> cool ----> ok
• Cold--->shiver (release heat)--->warm---> ok

• maintains homeostasis.
• a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the change
• ex. low blood sugar=hungry
• when you're hot, your metabolism goes up. sweat faster and cool down.

• dangerous (causes opposite of homeostasis)
• a change in a variable triggers response a mechanism to amplify change
• ex. sauna
• important during: child birth (uterus contracts) and sexual response

the naming and classifying of organisms (least inclusive to most inclusive)

• Eubacteria
• Archaea bacteria
• Eukarya

• 1. Eubacteria (d: Eubacteria, type: prokaryotes)
• 2. Archeabacteria (d: Archeabacteria, prokaryotes)
• 3. Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae (d. Eukarya, eukaryotes)

kingdoms

phyla

classes

orders

families

Genus

species

• 1. observation/problem
• 2. hypothesis=tenative explanation or educated guess
• 3. test/ experiment to address the hypothesis
• 4. results
• 5. conclusion

No. A hypothesis can be falsfied, but never proven true.

it is a hypothesis that has been tested many times over and never falsfied and then it may become a theory.

• overacrching ideas supported by many facts.
• ex. theory of evolution

• from general to specific
• ex. all birds have feathered wings. sparrows have wings, so its a bird.

• specific to general
• ex. sparrows are birds and can fly. owls and eagles have wings. we can induce all birds can fly. (not true, pinguins)

many observations to make generalization/ not true in all cases!

• graphed on x-axis
• what is being tested?
• ex. 10 lbs extra

• graphed on y-axis
• what changes as a result of the indepedent variable?
• ex. HR + recovery time

everything is the same between control group and experimental group except independent variable

no treatment

with treatment

• what you do to the control group without the indepedent variable.
• ex. step test w/o 10 lbs extra weight.

• Each person/ subject is 1 trial
• how many times it is repeated
• ex. we had 10 ppl in the step test

• line graph= continous data
• ex. time, weight, height

separate or discontinuous groups or non-numerical categories, thus emphasizing the discrete differences between the groups

• a chart that is used to present results that have a few to many data points
• useful for displaying several dependent variables

• the value set for the independent variable
• ex. we used 10 lbs

reproducible. someome else must have to try it and see if its right

Kings Play Chess On Feathered Grass Sun=


Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

• a group of populations that look similar to each other and different from other populations and they interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
• defining species is difficult because its a dynamin (moving) process

when they can not breed anymore.

a change in a population overtime.

• population with genetic variation (heritable)
• overproduction of offspring
• selection against certain traits (differential survival)
• increased frequency of favorable traits in the next generation
• other types of selection=seuxal, genetic drift, artificial

• all life is related
• unity+ diversity

tell chemical bonds---> solubility

• matter= anything that takes up space + has mass.
• matter is made up of elements (92 naturally occuring)

C, O, N, H

the rest 4% are made up of Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg

needed in small measures but w/o them you'll be ill.

• we get it from food
• plants get it from air

a substance that cannot be broken down to other substance by chemical reactions

• a substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
• ex. NaCl, C₆H₁₂O₆, CH₄

• protons (+) - 1 dalton
• neutrons (0) - 1 dalton
• electrons (-) - 0

number of protons

an electron's energy level is correlated with its average distance from the nucleus. electrons are found in diff electron shells, each with a characteristic average distance and energy level

• element with a different number of neutrons
• not all are radioactive
• ex. Denterium is a hydrogen atom with 2 neutrons. it is not radioactive but it's heavy
• ex. tritium is a hydrogen atom with 3 neutrons. it decays and it's toxic. it's found in nature.

• dating fossils (radioactive dating)
• tracing atoms through metabolic processes
• diagnosing medical disorders

• Lowest energy shell is the one nearest the nucleus.
• the highest energy shell is the outer most shell

absorbs, releases

atom needs to fill up to 8 electrons in outer most shell to feel "good"

the electrons in the outer most shell

sharing a pair of electrons

• it is an equal sharing of an electron
• ex. non-water soluble molecules

• unequal sharing of electrons
• ex. water solubile molecules

hydrogen

• electrostatic attraction between ions.
• strong when dry. weak when wet

• an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons.
• cation= + charged ion
• anion= - charged ion

• electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen in a polar covalent bond and an O or N in a polar covalent bond
• weak bond

• individual weak forces
• occure when atoms and molecules are very close together
• ex. gives Gecko lizards the ability to walk up wall