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Define biology
The study of life
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Define science
- Method of investigation
- removes emotions from ideas
- ex. grapefruit or drug to prolong life for rats
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How do you define life? (7 categories)
- 1. order ex. rocks, diamonds
- 2. regulation ex. ears on rabbits
- 3. energy processing ex. celluar respiration, photosynthesis
- 4. growth and development ex. crystals grow into minerals, fire
- 5. reproduction ex. sexual, fire reproduces
- 6. response to the environment ex. fox loses white fur
- 7. evolve: change in population over time, natural selection. individuals cant evolve in bio
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Different levels of complexity
atoms-->molecules--> organelles(subcellular)--> cells (basic unit of life)-->tissues (similar cells for common purpose)--> organs (collection of tissue for common purpose)--> organism (individual)--> population (all members of one species)-->communities (diff species interacting together)--> biosphere
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Emergent properties
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. allows for why atoms work together. ex. break down car
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Producers/ consumers
- Convert light to energy (photosynthesis)/animals.
- nutrients get recycled this way.
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Form follows...
- function! shape of things is important.
- Ex. birds=large surface area due to wings, hollow bones.
- neurons- high speed communication/ one long narrow strand to travel fastest.
- mitochondria-inner membrane is folded to increase surface area
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Cell Theory
All life is made up of 1 or more cells.
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What do all cells have?
- cell membrane
- molecule heretity (DNA)
- ribosomes (protein synthesis)
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what are the two types of cells?
prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes
- "before the nucleus"
- no nucleus
- no organelles
- bacteria
- small 0.5-10 micrometers (millionth of meter)
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Eukaryotes
- "true nucleus"
- nucleus+membrane bound organelles
- 10-100 micrometers
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homeostasis
- maintenance of internal conditions within a tolerable range
- ex. body temperature
- Hot--->sweat---> cool ----> ok
- Cold--->shiver (release heat)--->warm---> ok
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Negative feedback
- maintains homeostasis.
- a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the change
- ex. low blood sugar=hungry
- when you're hot, your metabolism goes up. sweat faster and cool down.
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Positive feedback
- dangerous (causes opposite of homeostasis)
- a change in a variable triggers response a mechanism to amplify change
- ex. sauna
- important during: child birth (uterus contracts) and sexual response
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Taxonomy
the naming and classifying of organisms (least inclusive to most inclusive)
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Name the 3 domains
- Eubacteria
- Archaea bacteria
- Eukarya
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Name the 6 kingdoms and what domains they are under
- 1. Eubacteria (d: Eubacteria, type: prokaryotes)
- 2. Archeabacteria (d: Archeabacteria, prokaryotes)
- 3. Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae (d. Eukarya, eukaryotes)
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Domain: a group of related
kingdoms
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Kingdom: a group of related
phyla
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Phylum: a group of related
classes
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Class: a group of related
orders
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Order: a group of related
families
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Family: a group of related
Genus
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Genus: a group of related
species
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Scientific method:
- 1. observation/problem
- 2. hypothesis=tenative explanation or educated guess
- 3. test/ experiment to address the hypothesis
- 4. results
- 5. conclusion
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Can a hypothesis be proven true?
No. A hypothesis can be falsfied, but never proven true.
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What's the connection between hypothesis and theory?
it is a hypothesis that has been tested many times over and never falsfied and then it may become a theory.
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Theory
- overacrching ideas supported by many facts.
- ex. theory of evolution
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Deductive reasoning
- from general to specific
- ex. all birds have feathered wings. sparrows have wings, so its a bird.
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Inductive reasoning:
- specific to general
- ex. sparrows are birds and can fly. owls and eagles have wings. we can induce all birds can fly. (not true, pinguins)
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Inductive leap
many observations to make generalization/ not true in all cases!
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Independent variable
- graphed on x-axis
- what is being tested?
- ex. 10 lbs extra
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Dependent variable
- graphed on y-axis
- what changes as a result of the indepedent variable?
- ex. HR + recovery time
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Control variables
everything is the same between control group and experimental group except independent variable
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Control group
no treatment
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experimental group
with treatment
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control treatment
- what you do to the control group without the indepedent variable.
- ex. step test w/o 10 lbs extra weight.
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Replication
- Each person/ subject is 1 trial
- how many times it is repeated
- ex. we had 10 ppl in the step test
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when to use line graph?
- line graph= continous data
- ex. time, weight, height
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when to use bar graph?
separate or discontinuous groups or non-numerical categories, thus emphasizing the discrete differences between the groups
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what is a table?
- a chart that is used to present results that have a few to many data points
- useful for displaying several dependent variables
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what is level of treatment?
- the value set for the independent variable
- ex. we used 10 lbs
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scientific paper should be
reproducible. someome else must have to try it and see if its right
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How can you remember all 6 kingdoms?
Kings Play Chess On Feathered Grass Sun=
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
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Define species
- a group of populations that look similar to each other and different from other populations and they interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature
- defining species is difficult because its a dynamin (moving) process
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For species that are very close to each other, ex. dogs, wolves, cayotes, where do you draw the line and call them a different species?
when they can not breed anymore.
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Biological evolution?
a change in a population overtime.
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Natural Selection (4):
- population with genetic variation (heritable)
- overproduction of offspring
- selection against certain traits (differential survival)
- increased frequency of favorable traits in the next generation
- other types of selection=seuxal, genetic drift, artificial
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What's the main deal with evolution?
- all life is related
- unity+ diversity
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By looking at chemical behavior, we can...
tell chemical bonds---> solubility
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what are living things made out of?
- matter= anything that takes up space + has mass.
- matter is made up of elements (92 naturally occuring)
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What elements are 96% of living things are made of? What about the remaining 4%?
C, O, N, H
the rest 4% are made up of Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg
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Trace elements
needed in small measures but w/o them you'll be ill.
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Micronutrients
- we get it from food
- plants get it from air
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Element:
a substance that cannot be broken down to other substance by chemical reactions
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Compound:
- a substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
- ex. NaCl, C6H12O6, CH4
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What are the subatomic particles in an atom? What is the charge and mass on each?
- protons (+) - 1 dalton
- neutrons (0) - 1 dalton
- electrons (-) - 0
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what gives an atom its personality?
number of protons
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what is an electron shell?
an electron's energy level is correlated with its average distance from the nucleus. electrons are found in diff electron shells, each with a characteristic average distance and energy level
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define isotope
- element with a different number of neutrons
- not all are radioactive
- ex. Denterium is a hydrogen atom with 2 neutrons. it is not radioactive but it's heavy
- ex. tritium is a hydrogen atom with 3 neutrons. it decays and it's toxic. it's found in nature.
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What are radioactive isotopes used for?
- dating fossils (radioactive dating)
- tracing atoms through metabolic processes
- diagnosing medical disorders
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What is the highest/ lowest energy shell?
- Lowest energy shell is the one nearest the nucleus.
- the highest energy shell is the outer most shell
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When an electron jumps to a higher energy level, it ________ energy. When an electron jumps to a lower energy level, it ______ energy.
absorbs, releases
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Octet rule
atom needs to fill up to 8 electrons in outer most shell to feel "good"
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what are valence electrons?
the electrons in the outer most shell
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define chemical bond
sharing a pair of electrons
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What is non polar covalent bond?
- it is an equal sharing of an electron
- ex. non-water soluble molecules
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What is polar covalent bond?
- unequal sharing of electrons
- ex. water solubile molecules
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polar covalent bonds lead to _________ bonding
hydrogen
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define ionic bond. when is it strong/weak
- electrostatic attraction between ions.
- strong when dry. weak when wet
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define ion, cation, anion
- an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons.
- cation= + charged ion
- anion= - charged ion
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define hydrogen bonds
- electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen in a polar covalent bond and an O or N in a polar covalent bond
- weak bond
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Vander Waals Forces (London Dispersion)
- individual weak forces
- occure when atoms and molecules are very close together
- ex. gives Gecko lizards the ability to walk up wall
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