-
Chemical messengers
secreted into blood stream which stimulate cells in tissue or other organ
Hormones
-
Releases into a tube
ex: production of egg, sperm etc
Exocrine system
-
Hormone released into capillary bed/structure picked up by blood and transferred throughout body
Endocrine system
-
Releases by an intracellular effect
Endocrine hormone
-
There is no master control center with the
Endocrine system
-
Hypothalamus secrets 9 hormones:
TRH, CRH, GNRH, PRH, GHRH, PIH, Somatostatin, ADH & Oxytocin
-
Tropin hormones=
Releasing hormones
-
5 tropin hormones:
TRH, CRH, GNRH, PRH, GHRH
-
ADH and Oxytocin are stored in the
Posterior Pituitary
-
FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, GH are stored in the
Anterior Pituitary
-
FSH and LH are referred to as
Gonadotropins
-
stimulates milk production increases during pregnancy, but will not go into effect until after delivery
Prolactin
-
-Referred to as somatotropin.
-About a thousand times more of this hormone is release than any other hormone.
-Promotes widespread tissue growth, and bones, muscle
& cartilage. Is a tropic hormone stimulates the liver to IGF (Insulin-likegrowth factors)
Growth Hormone
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Produce similar to Growth Hormone like muscle, bone and cartilage development.
IGF1 & IGF2
-
Difference between IGF and Growth Hormone:
GH has a shorter half life about 6-20mins. IGF is about 20 hours
-
-Stimulates protein synthesis, enhances amino acids transport into cells, which turns on the DNA (mRNA: takes code from DNA to produce protein molecules)
-Also suppresses protein catabolism (breakdown), causes lipid cells to catabolize (fat breakdown). -Causes carbohydrate metabolism to spare glucose and use the lipids for energy.
-Promotes electrolyte balance & promotes kidney retention of sodium and calcium. -Enhances calcium absorption of small intestines. Mostly during growth years in children
GH & IGF
-
Bone growing outward, becoming denser
Appositional growth
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Prevent dehydration
ADH Antidiuretic hormone
-
ADH also referred to as
Vasopressin (referring to blood vessels, which cause vasoconstriction.)
-
Binds to thyroid which makes T3, T4 circulates after getting into blood and stimulates everywhere creating energy. T3, T4 stop release of TSH and TRH (negative feedback)
Thyroid Stimulating hormone
-
Located in the cranial area releases two hormones
Pineal Gland
-
2 hormones release by the Pineal Gland
Melatonin (by night/sleep) and Serotonin (by day/happy)
-
Nutrients needed to make the Thyroid work
properly:
Tryptophan, Melatonin, Tyrosine, Serotonin
-
kicking up metabolism, decreased energy, weight gain, weak nails, hair loss are all symptoms of:
Hypothyroidism
-
Part of immune system & produces: thymoiphintine & thymocin, t-cell development
Thymus
-
-
-
Tri or Tetra is determined by how many (T3, T4)
Tyrosine molecules are attached
-
is an amino acid, same one that is used for serotonin
Tyrosine
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Thyroid needs:
Tyrosine & Iodine
-
Thyroid produces:
T3, T4 and calcitonin
-
is secreted when blood calcium is too high, causing the calcium to go back to bones
Calcitonin
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Accelerates catabolism of fats, proteins, and carbs. Also helps with alertness, stimulates production of growth hormone and regulates blood cholesterol levels.
T3, T4
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Raw materials for glands are
Tyrosine & Iodine
-
Toxicins in the body
Chlorine, fluoride and estrogen
-
-Activates vitamin d
-Promotes intestinal calcium absorption, and inhibits urinary secretion. (Just
opposite of calcitonin)
-Also promotes phosphate & calcium excretion
Parathyroid hormone
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4 parts to adrenal glands:
- 1. adrenal medulla
- 2. zona reticularis
- 3. zona fasciculate
- 4. zona glomerulosa
-
What is part of the sympathetic nervous system, contains nerves, neurons, secrets epinephrine
(adrenaline) and norepinephrine which usually last about a half an hour causing increase blood pressure, heart rate, lung air flow.
Adrenal medulla
-
cause breakdown of glycogen into glucose for use of energy which is referred to as:
glycogenolysis
-
making glucose out of amino acids and fat:
gluconeogenesis
-
inhabits insulin secretion (make our muscles able to react quickly-Fight or Flight)
Epinephrine
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Aldosterone actions on kidney to control electrolyte balance/sodium retention and cause potassium secretion.
(sodium and potassium are going to opposite way)
Zona glomurulosa
-
Produces cortisol & corticosterone.
Stimulate fat and protein catabolism and help
with the repair of damaged tissues.
Zona fasciculata
-
Help with repair of damaged tissues
Long term starts causing belly fat which might cause insulin resistance.
Cortisol
-
produces sex steroids estrogen, progesterone & testosterone (which is insignificant in women because ovaries are producing estrogen in women until after menopause, but only place produced in men.) Produces molecule called DHEA --> converted to testosterone which is insignificant in younger men because it is produced in the testis but only place produced in women helps maintain muscle mass & responsible for sex drive
Zona reticularis
-
where sodium goes....
water follows
-
___________is important after menopause to help
with bone density
Estrogen
-
What organ is both and Exocrine and Endocrine System
-
Enzyme that digests carbohydrates
Analyase
-
enzyme that digest protein
Protiase
-
Enzyme that digest fats
Lipase
-
Lipase, Protase, and Analyase are all digested into the ________
Small intestines
-
Islets of Langerhans secretes 4 hormones
- 1. Insulin
- 2. Glucagon
- 3. Somatostatin
- 4. Pancreatic polypeptide
-
secreted by beta cells, when to much glucose and amino acids activates the pancreas.
High glucose stimulates muscle, adipose tissue, liver to storeglucose into glycogen
Insulin
-
4 organs that do not depend on insulin
- Kidneys
- Brain
- Liver
- Red blood cells
-
release by the alpha cells when the blood glucose levels fall
stimulates glycogenolysis **glycogen releases glucose back into the system
Glucagon
-
Slows digestion down
Somatostatin
-
Secreted by the f-cells
effects absorption in the small intestines (slows it
down as well)
Pancreatic polypeptide
-
maintain electrolyte balance which is secreted by Adrenal Gland
Aldesrtone:
-
released by blood
Angiotensinogen
-
cause vasoconstrict & aldosterone constriction
Angiotensin I & II
-
produces the other 85% of the erythropoietin
Kidney
-
produces 15% of Erythropoietin
Liver
-
secreted by stomach mucosa: sensation of hunger
Ghrelin
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released by stomach fat cells which causes insulin resistance
Resistin
-
regulates how much serotonin is in the body
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
-
chronic polyuria/a lot of urine, not sugar in urineà hyposecreation ADH
Diabetes Incipitus
-
attacks thyroid gland disease
Hashimoto's disease
-
hyper-secretion of GH (enlarged features eg. Andre the Giant)
Acromegaly
-
chronic hypothyroidism
Myxedema
-
any pathological enlargement of thyroid gland (caused by iodine deficiency)
Goiter
-
releases excessive amount of PTH
Hyperparathyroidism
-
excess cortisol secretion (released when stress)
effects abnormal fat deposition inbetween shoulder blades and causes “moon face”
Cushing disease
-
inaction of insulin or hyposecreation 3 polys: polyurea (frequent urination, polydipsia (thrist), polyphasia (hunger)
Diabetes Mellitus
-
only 10% of this applies to Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1: IDDM: Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
-
insulin resistant, fat cells(belly fat) resistance, deficiency of chromium and binadium
- Type 2: NIDDM Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes
- Mellitus
-
If diabetic has acid called ketone build-up in blood & urine
- Ketoacidosis
- Ex. Kussamaul breathing
-
Blood can do several things name a few:
- 1. Transport Nutrients
- 2. Rid of waste
- 3. Cellular Respiration (oxygen)
- 4. Immunity
- 5. Regulates pH
- 6. Thermoregulation
-
Two main components of blood
-
clear extra cellular fluid with electrolytes & clotting proteins
Plasma
-
Plasma without clotting proteins
Serum
-
referring to platelets, erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC)
Formed elements
-
% of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
Hematocrit
-
_______ is about 45% of RBC
Normal Hematocrit
-
represents the white blood cells & platelets
Buffy coat
-
represents about 55% of total blood
Plasma
-
-thickness or resistance of fluid to flow due to cohesive factors
-always compared to water
Viscosity
-
Normal rate of blood viscosity is
4.5-5.5
-
Viscosity affects _______
circulation
-
total molarity of disolved particles in the blood
Blood Osmolarity
-
Too high osmotic pressure in the blood will _____
increase BP
-
Too low osmotic pressure in the blood will _____
Decrease BP
-
3 contributing factors to osmolarity are:
- 1. Proteins
- 2. RBC
- 3. Sodium
-
contribution to the protein molecules through the blood
Colloid osmotic pressure
-
Types of protein molecules (serve as transport for molecules through the body
- Albumins
- Globulins (Alpha, Beta, Gamma)
-
fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity due to lack of protein in the blood
Ascites
-
3 Types of Gases in the blood
- Oxygen
- CO2
- Nitrogen (from DNA)
-
Nutrients needed in the blood
- Oxygen
- Water
- Glucose
- Amino Aicds
- Phospholipids
- Cholesterol
- Electrolytes
- Sodium
-
_____ accounts for blood osmolarity more than anything else
Sodium
-
______ regulate _____ level in the blood
-
Tissues that produce blood
Hemopoietic tissue
-
production of formed elements
Hemopoiesis
-
production of formed elements in red bone marrow
Myeloid hemopoiesis
-
Process of making formed elements is started in _______
Red bone marrow
-
Stem cells that make the formed elements ____
Hemocytoblasts
-
_______ on the Hemocytoblasts cause communication
Surface receptors
-
Area in body that monitor % of RBC ______ & ______ because of the production of erythropoietin
-
production of red blood cells
Erythropoiesis
-
Nutrients needed for red blood cells include:
- Iron
- Folic Acid
- B12
- Vitamin C
- Copper
-
Transports oxygen (carries 4 oxygen molecules because of iron)
Hemoglobin
-
Made int the stomach & to get into blood iron binds to _____
Gastroferritin
-
Protein that in the blood binds to iron and transports it through the body
Transferrin
-
Formation of WBC
Leukopoiesis
-
WBC go to what gland ______ to mature
Thymus
-
Platelet production
Thrombopoiesis
-
Committed cell that is eventually going to become a platelet
Megakaryoblast
-
giant cell because DNA replicates numerous times in the same cell
Megakaryocyte
-
Exploded or fragmented Megakaryocytes become
functional platelets
-
1/3 of platelets are stored in what organ?
Spleen
-
_______ main function include picking up O2 and deliver it to tissues, pick up CO2 from the tissues and take it back to the lungs.
Erythrocytes
-
Erythrocytes lack _____ therefore, they are incapable of cellular respiration. RBC would then use ______ for energy
- mitochondria
- anaerobic fermentation
-
Cytoplasm of the RBC has 2 main components
- Carbonic anhydrase
- Hemogolbin
-
Cytoplasm of RBC enzyme called _____ ______ keeps pH in the blood balanced (pH7.35)
Carbonic anhydrase
-
1/3 of the cytoplasm is _______ which is composed of four protein chains which have a heme attached
hemoglobin
-
Heme protino can vind to oxygen and carry 4 ______
Oxygen
-
Normal amount of RBC in a man ______ and normal aount of RBC in a woman _______.
- M:4.6-6.2 million
- W: 4.2-5.4 million
-
RBC are recycled in what organ?
Spleen
-
High RBC count
Polycythemia
-
-
Marker Rh factor if it has a marker then it is a _____
-
Mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
-
Type __ _______ can be given to anybody
O negative
-
Type __ ___ _______ can receive blood from anyone
AB positive
-
If WBC cout is too low (below 5 thousand) it is referred to as _____
Leukopeina
-
If WBC count is too high (above 10 thousand) it is referred to as ______
Leukocytosis
-
5 Types of Leukocytes
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eocinophils
- Basophils
-
-
70% of WBC, if there is an increase generally means bacterial infection
Neutrophils
-
25% of WBC, if there is and increase generally means viral infection or cancer
Lymphocytes
-
8% of WBC, increase generally means viral, fungal or chronic infection
Monocytes
-
2-4% of WBC, generally increase means parasitic infection or allergies
Eochinophils
-
1% of WBC, increase generally means allergies, chicken pox, and diabetes mellitus
Basophils
-
_____ have clotting factors, and plug if injured which will attract WBC to area of injury.
Platlets
-
stopping the bleeding and invole 30 different chemical reactions to form clot
Coagulation
-
_______ present in plasma is a heparin which is secreted by ______ & _____ _______
- Angicoagulat
- Basophils
- Mast Cells
-
Causes for poor clotting might include:
- Liver Disease
- Vitamin K deficiency
- Gall Stones
- Bowel flora is compromised
- Blood is too thin
-
_______ abnormal clotting of the blood
Thrombosis
-
When a piece of clot gets trapped it is called _______
Embolus
-
Tissue death is ______
Infarction
-
______ can be caused by blood loss or hemorrage, bone marrow disease, menstration & chemo radiation
Anemia
-
_____ anemia is a vitamin B12 deficiency
Ex. Alcoholic and Vegetarians
Pernicious
-
____ _____ ______ during pregnancy deficiency can cause spina-bifida
Folic Acid deficiency
-
______ _____ ____ most common deficiency in the world particularly in women
Iron Deficiency anemia
-
____-____ ______ blood cells are malformed and don't carry as much oxygen
Sickle-cell anemia
-
blood to lungs is known as ______ circuit
Pulmonary
-
supplying blood to everything else is know as ______ circuit
Systemic
-
Heart chamber is lined with tissue called _______
Pericardium
-
Outside linging of the heart is _____ __________
Parietal Pericardium
-
Lining of the heart itself is _____ _________
Visceral pericardium
-
_____ _____ is in between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium
Pericardiacl fluid
-
______ is the same as Visceral pericardium
Epcardium
-
______ inner portion of the muscle
Endocardium
-
______ is the muscle of the heart
Myocardium
-
_____ is friction or rubbing of the visceral and parietal together
paricarditis
-
Failure to close valve properly is know as _____ ______
Valvular insufficiency
-
_____ ______ is when cusps are tightened because of possible scar tissue
Valvular stenosis
-
____ _____ _____ is when the valve is backed up into the atria druing contraction of ventricles
Mitral Valve Prolapse
-
______ ______ blood that feeds the heart located on the heart wall
Coronary Circulation
-
_______ _______ is when circulation is cut off to the heart muscle
Myocardial Infarction
-
Not getting enough oxygen into the cells of the heart is ______
Eschemia
-
_________ is fatty depositis in the artery
Artherosclerosis
-
_____ _____ is when the heart muscle isn't getting enough O2, but is getting some O2 so it won't cause infarction. Temporary pain from lactic acid
Angina pectoris
-
______ node is located in the R atrium and is know as the ____ _____ of the heart
-
Normal heart rate is know as ____ ______
Sinus rhythm
-
______ node located in the R ventricle and is and electrical gateway to the ventricles
AV
-
When the SA node gets damaged and AV node picks up slack it is?
Ectopic focus
-
____ ____ heart rhythm slows down to 50 bpm because of damaged SA node
Nodal rhythm
-
Abnormal cardiac rhythm is know as
Arrhythmia
-
__ _____ electrical sygnal from SA node fires
P wave
-
__-__ is artial systole/contracting time in between SA node and AV node
P-Q
-
_,_,_ marks the firing of the AV node (the spike)
Q,R,S
-
_-_ firing of ventrical systole
S-T
-
atria is beating uncontrollably 200-400 bpm it is know as ____ ______
Atrial flutter
-
______ ______ is when the ventrical is not getting blood out to the system
Ventricular Fibrillation V-fib
-
One complete contraction to relaxation (Lub-Dub) or PQRST is _____ _____
Cardiac cycle
-
_________ listen to heart sounds
Osculation
-
_____ _____ _____ failure of either of the ventricles to eject the blood efficiently
Congestive heart failure
-
_____ _____ is the amount of blood injected by the heart in one min
Cardiac output
-
_____ is fast resting heart rate
Tachycardia
-
_____ low resting heart rate
Bradycarida
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