A&P 2: Midterm 1

Chemical messengers
secreted into blood stream which stimulate cells in tissue or other organ

Releases into a tube
ex: production of egg, sperm etc

Hormone released into capillary bed/structure picked up by blood and transferred throughout body

Releases by an intracellular effect

There is no master control center with the

Hypothalamus secrets 9 hormones:

Tropin hormones=

5 tropin hormones:

ADH and Oxytocin are stored in the

FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, GH are stored in the

FSH and LH are referred to as

stimulates milk production increases during pregnancy, but will not go into effect until after delivery

-Referred to as somatotropin.
-About a thousand times more of this hormone is release than any other hormone.
-Promotes widespread tissue growth, and bones, muscle
& cartilage. Is a tropic hormone stimulates the liver to IGF (Insulin-likegrowth factors)

Produce similar to Growth Hormone like muscle, bone and cartilage development.

Difference between IGF and Growth Hormone:

-Stimulates protein synthesis, enhances amino acids transport into cells, which turns on the DNA (mRNA: takes code from DNA to produce protein molecules)
-Also suppresses protein catabolism (breakdown), causes lipid cells to catabolize (fat breakdown). -Causes carbohydrate metabolism to spare glucose and use the lipids for energy.
-Promotes electrolyte balance & promotes kidney retention of sodium and calcium. -Enhances calcium absorption of small intestines. Mostly during growth years in children

Bone growing outward, becoming denser

Prevent dehydration

ADH also referred to as

Binds to thyroid which makes T3, T4 circulates after getting into blood and stimulates everywhere creating energy. T3, T4 stop release of TSH and TRH (negative feedback)

Located in the cranial area releases two hormones

2 hormones release by the Pineal Gland

Nutrients needed to make the Thyroid work
properly:

kicking up metabolism, decreased energy, weight gain, weak nails, hair loss are all symptoms of:

Part of immune system & produces: thymoiphintine & thymocin, t-cell development

Triiodothyronine

Thyroxine or Tetra

Tri or Tetra is determined by how many (T3, T4)

is an amino acid, same one that is used for serotonin

Thyroid needs:

Thyroid produces:

is secreted when blood calcium is too high, causing the calcium to go back to bones

Accelerates catabolism of fats, proteins, and carbs. Also helps with alertness, stimulates production of growth hormone and regulates blood cholesterol levels.

Raw materials for glands are

Toxicins in the body

-Activates vitamin d
-Promotes intestinal calcium absorption, and inhibits urinary secretion. (Just
opposite of calcitonin)
-Also promotes phosphate & calcium excretion

4 parts to adrenal glands:

What is part of the sympathetic nervous system, contains nerves, neurons, secrets epinephrine
(adrenaline) and norepinephrine which usually last about a half an hour causing increase blood pressure, heart rate, lung air flow.

cause breakdown of glycogen into glucose for use of energy which is referred to as:

making glucose out of amino acids and fat:

inhabits insulin secretion (make our muscles able to react quickly-Fight or Flight)

Aldosterone actions on kidney to control electrolyte balance/sodium retention and cause potassium secretion.
(sodium and potassium are going to opposite way)

Produces cortisol & corticosterone.
Stimulate fat and protein catabolism and help
with the repair of damaged tissues.

Help with repair of damaged tissues
Long term starts causing belly fat which might cause insulin resistance.

produces sex steroids estrogen, progesterone & testosterone (which is insignificant in women because ovaries are producing estrogen in women until after menopause, but only place produced in men.) Produces molecule called DHEA --> converted to testosterone which is insignificant in younger men because it is produced in the testis but only place produced in women helps maintain muscle mass & responsible for sex drive

where sodium goes....

___________is important after menopause to help
with bone density

What organ is both and Exocrine and Endocrine System

Enzyme that digests carbohydrates

enzyme that digest protein

Enzyme that digest fats

Lipase, Protase, and Analyase are all digested into the ________

Islets of Langerhans secretes 4 hormones

secreted by beta cells, when to much glucose and amino acids activates the pancreas.
High glucose stimulates muscle, adipose tissue, liver to storeglucose into glycogen

4 organs that do not depend on insulin

release by the alpha cells when the blood glucose levels fall
stimulates glycogenolysis **glycogen releases glucose back into the system

Slows digestion down

Secreted by the f-cells
effects absorption in the small intestines (slows it
down as well)

maintain electrolyte balance which is secreted by Adrenal Gland

released by blood

cause vasoconstrict & aldosterone constriction

produces the other 85% of the erythropoietin

produces 15% of Erythropoietin

secreted by stomach mucosa: sensation of hunger

released by stomach fat cells which causes insulin resistance

regulates how much serotonin is in the body

chronic polyuria/a lot of urine, not sugar in urineà hyposecreation ADH

attacks thyroid gland disease

hyper-secretion of GH (enlarged features eg. Andre the Giant)

chronic hypothyroidism

any pathological enlargement of thyroid gland (caused by iodine deficiency)

releases excessive amount of PTH

excess cortisol secretion (released when stress)
effects abnormal fat deposition inbetween shoulder blades and causes “moon face”

inaction of insulin or hyposecreation 3 polys: polyurea (frequent urination, polydipsia (thrist), polyphasia (hunger)

only 10% of this applies to Diabetes Mellitus

insulin resistant, fat cells(belly fat) resistance, deficiency of chromium and binadium

If diabetic has acid called ketone build-up in blood & urine

Blood can do several things name a few:

Two main components of blood

clear extra cellular fluid with electrolytes & clotting proteins

Plasma without clotting proteins

referring to platelets, erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC)

% of red blood cells to the total volume of blood

_______ is about 45% of RBC

represents the white blood cells & platelets

represents about 55% of total blood

-thickness or resistance of fluid to flow due to cohesive factors
-always compared to water

Normal rate of blood viscosity is

Viscosity affects _______

total molarity of disolved particles in the blood

Too high osmotic pressure in the blood will _____

Too low osmotic pressure in the blood will _____

3 contributing factors to osmolarity are:

contribution to the protein molecules through the blood

Types of protein molecules (serve as transport for molecules through the body

fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity due to lack of protein in the blood

3 Types of Gases in the blood

Nutrients needed in the blood

_____ accounts for blood osmolarity more than anything else

______ regulate _____ level in the blood

Tissues that produce blood

production of formed elements

production of formed elements in red bone marrow

Process of making formed elements is started in _______

Stem cells that make the formed elements ____

_______ on the Hemocytoblasts cause communication

Area in body that monitor % of RBC ______ & ______ because of the production of erythropoietin

production of red blood cells

Nutrients needed for red blood cells include:

Transports oxygen (carries 4 oxygen molecules because of iron)

Made int the stomach & to get into blood iron binds to _____

Protein that in the blood binds to iron and transports it through the body

Formation of WBC

WBC go to what gland ______ to mature

Platelet production

Committed cell that is eventually going to become a platelet

giant cell because DNA replicates numerous times in the same cell

Exploded or fragmented Megakaryocytes become

1/3 of platelets are stored in what organ?

_______ main function include picking up O₂ and deliver it to tissues, pick up CO₂ from the tissues and take it back to the lungs.

Erythrocytes lack _____ therefore, they are incapable of cellular respiration. RBC would then use ______ for energy

Cytoplasm of the RBC has 2 main components

Cytoplasm of RBC enzyme called _____ ______ keeps pH in the blood balanced (pH7.35)

1/3 of the cytoplasm is _______ which is composed of four protein chains which have a heme attached

Heme protino can vind to oxygen and carry 4 ______

Normal amount of RBC in a man ______ and normal aount of RBC in a woman _______.

RBC are recycled in what organ?

High RBC count

Low RBC count

Marker Rh factor if it has a marker then it is a _____

Mother is Rh- and baby is Rh+

Type __ _______ can be given to anybody

Type __ ___ _______ can receive blood from anyone

If WBC cout is too low (below 5 thousand) it is referred to as _____

If WBC count is too high (above 10 thousand) it is referred to as ______

5 Types of Leukocytes

_____

70% of WBC, if there is an increase generally means bacterial infection

25% of WBC, if there is and increase generally means viral infection or cancer

8% of WBC, increase generally means viral, fungal or chronic infection

2-4% of WBC, generally increase means parasitic infection or allergies

1% of WBC, increase generally means allergies, chicken pox, and diabetes mellitus

_____ have clotting factors, and plug if injured which will attract WBC to area of injury.

stopping the bleeding and invole 30 different chemical reactions to form clot

_______ present in plasma is a heparin which is secreted by ______ & _____ _______

Causes for poor clotting might include:

_______ abnormal clotting of the blood

When a piece of clot gets trapped it is called _______

Tissue death is ______

______ can be caused by blood loss or hemorrage, bone marrow disease, menstration & chemo radiation

_____ anemia is a vitamin B12 deficiency
Ex. Alcoholic and Vegetarians

____ _____ ______ during pregnancy deficiency can cause spina-bifida

______ _____ ____ most common deficiency in the world particularly in women

____-____ ______ blood cells are malformed and don't carry as much oxygen

blood to lungs is known as ______ circuit

supplying blood to everything else is know as ______ circuit

Heart chamber is lined with tissue called _______

Outside linging of the heart is _____ __________

Lining of the heart itself is _____ _________

_____ _____ is in between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium

______ is the same as Visceral pericardium

______ inner portion of the muscle

______ is the muscle of the heart

_____ is friction or rubbing of the visceral and parietal together

Failure to close valve properly is know as _____ ______

_____ ______ is when cusps are tightened because of possible scar tissue

____ _____ _____ is when the valve is backed up into the atria druing contraction of ventricles

______ ______ blood that feeds the heart located on the heart wall

_______ _______ is when circulation is cut off to the heart muscle

Not getting enough oxygen into the cells of the heart is ______

_________ is fatty depositis in the artery

_____ _____ is when the heart muscle isn't getting enough O_2, but is getting some O₂ so it won't cause infarction. Temporary pain from lactic acid

______ node is located in the R atrium and is know as the ____ _____ of the heart

Normal heart rate is know as ____ ______

______ node located in the R ventricle and is and electrical gateway to the ventricles

When the SA node gets damaged and AV node picks up slack it is?

____ ____ heart rhythm slows down to 50 bpm because of damaged SA node

Abnormal cardiac rhythm is know as

__ _____ electrical sygnal from SA node fires

__-__ is artial systole/contracting time in between SA node and AV node

_,_,_ marks the firing of the AV node (the spike)

_-_ firing of ventrical systole

atria is beating uncontrollably 200-400 bpm it is know as ____ ______

______ ______ is when the ventrical is not getting blood out to the system

One complete contraction to relaxation (Lub-Dub) or PQRST is _____ _____

_________ listen to heart sounds

_____ _____ _____ failure of either of the ventricles to eject the blood efficiently

_____ _____ is the amount of blood injected by the heart in one min

_____ is fast resting heart rate

_____ low resting heart rate