-
4 outcomes of solar energy lost to radiation
- Absorbed by ozone
- Absorbed by the earth
- Reflected by the earth
- Radiated by the atmosphere as heat
-
Primary producers are _________
Autotrophic
-
Primary consumers are ___________
Heterotrophic
-
Primary production is measured in units of _______
Mass of carbon / Area / Time
-
Trophic efficiency is typically ______ %
10
-
States that there is a limit to the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem because you quickly run out of energy
Energy transfer hypothesis
-
Highest terrestrial NPP is found in ________
Equatorial regions; rainforests
-
Lowest NPP is found in ________
Deserts
-
Highest NPP per unit area (type of environment)
Algal beds and reefs
-
Highest total NPP (type of environment)
Open ocean
-
What limits the productivity of terrestrial ecosystems? (2)
Precipitation and light
-
Vast majority of the air we breathe is _______
N2
-
Change of unusable Nitrogen into more usable forms by certain organisms
Nitrogen fixation
-
2 ways in which nitrogen can be fixed naturally
- Biological fixation (bacteria)
- Lightning
-
3 ways that nitrogen can be fixed through human action
- Fossil fuels
- Nitrogen-fixing crops
- Nitrogen fertilizer
-
Ways that humans increase CO2 in the atmosphere (4)
- Transportation
- Deforestation
- Forest fires
- Burning fossil fuels
-
Rare type of habitat that comes in the rainy season, during which time certain organisms reproduce, then goes away
Vernal pool
-
Goal of conservation biology is to __________
Protect biodiversity
-
Trophic level most susceptible to habitat reduction/human impact
Top predators
-
Characteristics that increase a species' likelihood of endangerment (8)
- Low reproductive rate
- Specialized niche
- Distribution is too narrow, too large (Territory), or too rare
- Migrators, Predators
- Valuable
-
Benefit of species and genetic diversity
Pharmaceuticals
-
Coined the term "biophilia"
E.O. Wilson
-
Concept behind importance of biodiversity that believes its loss would be akin to losing art or music, and may eventually motivate a realignment of our priorities
Biophilia
-
Easter Island inhabitants exceeded their _________ through ________, which eventually led to ________.
- Carrying capacity
- Deforestation
- Starvation
-
Most introduced species ________ when they are moved
Die off
-
The act of intentionally introducing a species to a new environment with the hope that it will destroy a particular pest
Biocontrol
-
Characteristics of successful invader species are similar to those of ____________
Pioneering species in post-succession environments
-
Once most abundant bird in North America, was hunted for meat for the poor/slaves, now extinct due to its huge flock size and overexploitation
Passenger pigeon
-
Top caught fish species
Anchovies off Peru
-
Overexploitation of fish has largely been due to _________
Improvements in technology
-
Where should we focus our conservation efforts?
Biodiversity hot spots
-
Successful method of in-situ protection that takes the core area of protection and surrounds it with slightly less-protected buffer zones
Zone reserves
-
Basic assumption of restoration ecology is that most environmental damage is ________
Reversible
-
Conservation strategy that believes humans need to live in tandem with other organisms, because we need to protect more land than there is left to protect
Reconciliation Ecology
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