Pharmacology in Nursing flashcards.txt

Professional standards of practice, Protect public, Provide consistency of care, Vary from state to state, Common areas of negligence

• Ethical Autonomy means
• Right to make decision without coercion

Right to be free from harm

Right to receive help

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

How the drug affects the body

written, pre-printed, verbal, telephone, one-time(stat or single), standing, PRN(as needed), and/or automatic (stop) date

client's full name, date and time order was written, name of medication, dosage size, frequency, and number of doses, route of administration, and signature of the prescriber

know your medications, verify the order with the physician or nurse, make sure the patient is not allergic to the medication ordered, and when in doubt ask never assume

Right drug, dose, time, route, patient, and documentation

Right reason, right to know or be educated, and right to refuse

check the drug against medication administration record (MAR) when removing the drug from the storage facility, label against MAR when preparing dose, and patient's armband against MAR prior to adminstration of medication

check the medication three times by checking before you mix, pour, or draw up the medication; after you prepare the medication; and at the bedside

weight, sex, pregnancy, age, and that it is within the recommended dose range

check when meals are/where given, check for scheduled procedures, know the window of one half hour to one hour before and after scheduled dose (depending on facility) except for psychotropic and narcotic medication

• What are the types of routes for medication administration?
• Oral, Intramuscular, Intradermal, Subcutaneous, Intravenous, Topical, Suppository, Enteral, Sublingual, Inhalants

have the patient verify name and birthday, check the armband, and know your patient (to notice behavioral changes and/or physical changes)

Time and date given; Evaluation of response to medication; and Name, dose, route, date/time of medication and your initials

Predicted, intended, and desired action/Teach client actions of medication

Unintended, often predictable/Teach client about common side effects and when to notify the physician or health care provider

Allergic (Immune system identifies as foreign, Range from minor to serious responses; Urticaria, pruritus, and rhinitis); Anaphylactic (Life-threatening; Occurs immediately; and Shortness of breath, hypotension, death); Adverse reactions (Dose related (i.e.. Too much insulin results in too low blood sugar); and Patient sensitivity to drug; Toxic reactions (Damaging effects to organs or tissue; and Overdosing, drug accumulation)

Don�t lie or be deceitful about medication, Offer favorite juice or popsicle after medication received, Preventative measures for choking/aspiration

Difficulty swallowing, impaired vision, forgetfulness, difficulty opening containers and lack of understanding; Polypharmacy (more than one medication); Altered pharmacokinetics; Metabolism and excretion; and Immune system

Assessment (Before, during and following administration), Planning goals/outcomes (Be able to self-administer or take medication without difficulty, Understanding about medication, and Report problems or symptoms), Interventions and Implementations (Teach name, actions and side effects of medications and Demonstration of how to take medication and when to report problems), Evaluation (Response to medication and Reports understanding about medication usage and side effects)

Review physician�s orders, Assess patient, Gather proper equipment, Prepare for venipuncture, Perform venipuncture, and Safety measures and tips

continuous infusion, intermittent infusion, direct injection, and PCA

not considered part of conventional medicine, common therapies (non-vitamin and non-mineral products), used by 38 percent of adults and 12 percent of children, mind-body therapies (biofeedback, guided imagery, intercessory prayer, meditation, and relaxation exercises), biologically based therapies (herbal therapies and vitamins and dietary supplements), manipulative and body-based therapies (acupuncture and acupressure, chiropractic, message, Tai Chi, Yoga), energy therapies (Reiki and therapeutic touch), alternative medical systems (Homeopathy, Naturopathy, and Osteopathy), Other types (Humor, music therapy, and Spiritual therapies)

an unpleasant feeling conveyed to brain by sensory neurons, Subjective, Sensitivity and response to pain varies, and Nurse has unique role in managing pain

Transduction, transmission, and modulation

sociocultural influences (stoicism is valued by many cultures), age (many elderly feel chronic pain and it is incorrect that children fell less pain), and gender differences

nociceptive, chronic, malignant, neuropathic, and acute

somatic (rheumatoid arthritis), visceral (appendicitis), referred (myocardial infarction)

usually longer than six months, psychological implications, and difficult to treat

caused by cancer/side effects of cancer treatment, persistent pain, and breakthrough pain (BTP breaks through medication treatment and is episodic), intractable pain (resistant to treatment)

paroxysmal and persists beyond normal healing

common experience and usually responds to treatment

systematic assessment with standard tools, numeric scale, Wong-Baker faces scale, verbal graphic rating, PAINAD scale (rates breathing, negative vocalizations, facial expressions, body language, and comfort and is especially useful in assessing the pain of patients with dementia)

outdated norms, inadepuate knowledge by healthcare providers, patients beliefs and values, communication barriers, and ethical considerations

contemporary pain management measures, interventions for management of acute pain, interventions for management of chronic pain, physical care of patients with pain, pharmacology, drug forms and routes of administration of analgesics, side effects of opiods, geriatric considerations affecting administration of analgesics, contraindications for opioid analgesics, alternative therapy for pain relief, and psychological counseling, support groups, therapeutic touch, exercise, and physical therapy

Review physician�s orders, Assess patient, Gather proper equipment, Prepare for venipuncture,Perform venipuncture, and Safety measures and tips

Continuous infusion, Intermittent infusion, Direct injection, and PCA

Isotonic (risk for fluid overload) - pertaining to a solution with the same osmotic pressure as a reference solution

Hypertonic - pertaining to a solution of higher osmotic pressure than another

hypotonic - pertaining to a solution of lower osmotic pressure than another

Tunneled, Percutaneous, Implanted ports, and Closed-ended catheters

TPN - total parental nutrition, blood components, oncology therapy, and pain management

a substance used as a plasma expander in place of blood

the opposite of a colloid

a cytokine made by the kidneys that stimulates the proliferation of red blood cells

inflammation of a vein

the escape of fluid from its physiologic contained space, e.g. bile, blood, CSF, into the surrounding tissue

the deposition and accumulation of an external substance within the cell, tissue, or organ, such as fat deposition within a damaged liver

an agent used to produce blisters - it is much less severe in its effects than escharotics

a systemic inflammatory response to infection, in which there is fever or hypothermia, tachycardia, tachypnea, and evidence of inadequate blood flow to internal organs

a training program designed to develop one's ability to control the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system (client may be able to control skin temp, heart rate, and blood pressure)

the art of comtemplative thinking

the use of herbs to promote healing, wellness, and disease prevention

the proposal that very dilute doses of extracts, medicines, or other substances that produce symptoms of a disease in healthy people will cure that disease in affected patients

an instrument used for cutting thin slices of skin for transplantation

the alteration in function or status of something in response to a stimulus or altered chemical or physical environment

a phenomenon causing genetic recombination in bacteria in which DNA is carried from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage

a free nerve ending that is a receptor for painful stimuli

an excessive sensitivity to pain

The awareness of posture, movement, and changes in equalibrium and the knowledge of position, weight and resistance of objects in relation to the body

The ability to perceive extent, direction, or weight of movement

the ability to feel sensations and sensory structures of the body

the state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body that is maintained by the ever-changing process of feedback and regulation in response to external or internal changes

rapid pain, originates in the nociceptors of the large myelinated nerve fibers located in the skin, which respond to strong pressure, a cut, or high temperature, eliciting the withdrawl reflex

originates in the nocireceptors of the smaller, unmyelinated nerve fibers and has a longer throbbing or aching quality

some people may have a higher of lower pain threshold than others, which is the lowest intensity of painful stimulus that the individual perceives as pain

the amount of pain a person is willing to endure

nociceptive pain that originates from the bone, joints, muscles, skin, or connective tissue

pain arising from the body organs and gastrointestinal tract

the result of the transfer of visceral pain sensations and deep somatic pain via the autonomic nervous system to a body surface at a distance from the actual origin

pain that results from injury to a nerve, malfunction of the neuronal transmission process, or impaired regulation frequently described as paroxysmal (a sudden spasm-like pain) occuring along the branches of a nerve

pain that can be spontaneous and unpredictable or initiated by certain activities such as walking or coughing, and is often reffered to as incidental pain

pain that is refractory or resistant to some or all forms of treatment

the minimum blood serum level of a drug

a subcategory of absorption and can be defined as the percentage of the drug within the systemic circulation that is available to achieve its intended effect in the body

it describes how the body acts on a drug

follows absorption and distribution, drugs must be detoxified or broken down to a form that can be eliminated

the level between the minimum effective dose and the toxic concentration

the time it takes for half of the drug administered to be eliminated or the serum concentration to be decreased by half

the time it takes for a drug to reach its highest concentration in the blood

nutritional support supplying glucose, protein, vitamins, electrolytes, trace elements, and sometimes fats to maintain the body's growth, development, and tissue repair

nutrition delivered into a peripheral vein, is designed for mildly stressed patients who are expected to be able to resume enteral feeding within 7 to 10 days

the use of relaxation and mental visualization to improve mood and/or physical well-being

a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and analgesic properties, which inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins, that may be responsible for its effects

an anticoagulant drug

a mineral/electrolyte administered orally to treat and prevent potassium depletion in patients who are unable to digest adequate dietary potassium

a drug used to treat depression, bulemia, and OCD

a loop diuretic