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What does "Agnatha" mean?
Without jaw.
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List 2 subgroups of Agnatha.
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Of the 2 subgroups of Agnatha, which of them is extinct?
Ostracoderms
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Give 1 example of Ostracoderms.
Bony Fishes
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Give 2 examples of Cyclostomes.
- Lampreys
- Hagfishes/hagslimes
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What does Cyclostome mean?
Round mouth.
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List the 6 Ancestral features of the Lampreys.
- No jaws.
- Single median nostril.
- Inner ear
- Persistent notochord
- No paired appendages
- No bone
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What is located within the Inner Ear of the Ancestral Lampreys?
2 Semi-Circular Canals
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Of the 6 Ancestral Features of Lampreys, which two are NOT shared by Ostracoderms?
- No paired appendages.
- No bone.
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What does Gnathostome mean?
With jaw.
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What group within the Gnathostomes represent Bony Plated Fish?
Placoderms.
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What group within Gnathostomes represent Cartilaginous Fishes?
Chondricthyes
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List the 2 subgroups of Chondricthyes.
- Holocephalians
- Elasmobranchs
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Give an example of a Holocephalian.
Chimaeras
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Give 2 examples of Elasmobranchs.
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What are 2 significant characteristics about Elasmobranchs?
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What is an Operculum?
The flap of skin that covers gills in fish.
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Acanthodii (extinct) encompasses what two general animal groups?
Spiny Fishes & Spiny Sharks
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What does Acant in Acanthodii mean?
Spine
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What kind of animals are found in Osteichthyes?
Bony fishes.
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List two subgroups of Osteichthyes.
- Actinopterygii
- Sarcopterygii
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What does Actino mean?
Ray
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In which group of Osteichthyes are the majority of fishes found?
Actinopterygii
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What does Sarco mean?
Fleshy
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Give an example of an animal from Actinopterygii.
Ray-finned fishes
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What are the two subgroups of Sarcopterygii?
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Give an example of a Dipnoi.
Lungfish
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Which of the two subgroups of Sarcopterygii are the Tetrapod Ancestors?
Crossopterygia
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What are the two subgroups of Crossopterygia?
- Coelacanths
- Intermediate Forms
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Give two examples of Intermediate Forms.
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Which group in Crossopterygia was thought to be extinct yet reappeared in the 1930s?
Coelacanths
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What's another name for the Intermediate Forms?
"Fishpods"
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List the two main groups for Amphibia.
- Labyrinthodonts
- Lissamphibia
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Give an example for Labyrinthodonts.
Ichthyostega
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Give 3 examples for Lissamphibia.
- Salamanders
- Frogs
- Caecilians
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The major divisions of Reptiles is based on what?
Holes in the skull
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What are the three major divisions of Reptiles?
- Anapsida
- Synapsida
- Diapsida
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How many hole openings are found in the skulls of Anapsida?
0
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How many hole openings are found in the skulls of Synapsida?
1
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How many hole openings are found in the skulls of Diapsida?
2
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Which of the major divisions of Reptiles are extinct?
Anapsida
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Give 4 groups of Diapsida.
- Lepidosauria
- Testudines
- Archosauria
- Sauropterygia
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Give 2 examples of Lepidosauria.
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Give an example of Testudine.
Turtle
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Give 3 examples of Archosauria.
- Dinosaurs
- Pterosaurs
- Crocodilians.
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Give 2 examples of Sauropterygia.
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Which of the 2 groups of Sauropterygia are extinct marine reptiles?
Plesiosaurs
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What kind of animal is found under Synapsida?
Mammal-Like Reptiles (MLRs)
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Early reptiles gave rise to what two endothermic groups?
Birds & Mammals
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What does Aves mean?
Birds
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What gave rise to Aves?
Archosaurs
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What are two examples of Aves.
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Of the two groups under Aves, which group encompasses all currently living birds?
Neornithes
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What is the oldest known bird with many reptilian features?
Archaeopteryx
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What is the closest LIVING relative to Birds?
Crocodillians
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What group gave rise to Mammalia?
Synapsids
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What are the two groups under Mammlia?
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What two main groups do Prototheria encompass?
- Monotremes
- Many Mesozoic animals.
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What two main groups do Theria encompass?
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Give an example of a Placental.
Humans
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Give an example of a Marsupial.
Possum
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What major groups dominated the water, land, and sky during the Mesozoic period?
- Ichthyosaurs
- Reptiles
- Pterosaurs
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What are the major innovations in the History of Vertebrates?
- Bone
- Jaws
- Lungs & Limbs
- Amniotic Eggs
- Endothermy
- Larger brain, better sense organs, complex behavior
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When did the innovation of BONE arise?
Cambrian - Ordovician
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When did the innovation of JAWS arise?
Silurian
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When did the innovation of Lungs & Limbs arise?
Devonian
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When did the innovation of AMNIOTIC EGG arise?
Carboniferous
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When did the innovation of ENDOTHERMY arise?
- Triassic for Mammals
- Jurassic for Birds
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With their respective Innovations, give an example of each.
- Bone - Ostracoderms
- Jaws - Placoderms, Chondrichthyes, Bony Fishes
- Lungs & Limbs - Amphibians
- Amniotic Egg - Stem Reptiles
- Endothermy - Mammals & Birds
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