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T/F After growth and division, bacteria are twins?
T
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What type of graph do bacteria demonstrate during growth?
Exponential
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4444444444What are the five phases & definitiosn of the exponential growth chart for bacteria?
- 1) Lag phase: no cell division, increase in biomass due to macromolecules
- 2) Exponential (log) Phase: cell division, produce primary mtabolite and virulence factors
- 3) Late log phase: transition, secondary metabolites produced (antibiotics/pigments)
- 4) Stationary phase: zero growth, no nutrition available
- 5) Decline/Death: exponential death, determined only by CFU test
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What two measures are used for measuring baterial growth?
- 1) Optical Density: Measures all cells
- 2) Colony forming unit: measures viable cells
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What are the five types of bacterial cultivation media?
- Defined
- complex
- enriched
- selective
- differential
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What type of Media is MacConkey Agar?
Selective and differential
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What are three sources of metabolic energy?
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
- Fermentation
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T/F anaerobic respiration = fermentation
F, they are not equal
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Common carbon sources for nutrition?
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What are three basic Growth factors and their products?
- Amino Acids = proteins
- Pyrimidines and Purines = nucleic acids
- Vitamins = coenzymes
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What are the five environmental factors affecting bacterial growth?
- Temperature
- pH
- Oxygen
- Carbon Dioxide
- Water
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When it comes to environment, what is the difference b/t obligate & facultative bacteria?
- Obligate: no alternative, narrow range of conditions
- Facultative:alternatives, wide range of conditions
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Optimum bacterial growth temperature range?
30-37C
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What are the five temperature range bacteria?
- 1) Psychrophiles
- 2) Psychrotrophs
- 3) Mesophiles
- 4) Thermophiles
- 5) Hyperthermophiles
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Obligate psychrophiles and their range
- Cold marine environments
- <20C
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Facultative psychrophiles/psychrotrophs and temp range
- Refrigerated conditions
- 0-35C
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Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles and temp range
- Hot springs, geysers, volcanoes, etc...
- Thermophiles: > 50C
- Hyperthermophiles: >80C
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For pH, what are the three bacteria categories and which is most common?
- Acidophile
- **Neutrophile: pH 7.0
- Alkaphile
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Name three enzymes to counteract ROS?
- Catalase
- Superoxide dismutase
- peroxidase
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Which bacteria require high CO2?
Capnophiles
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Three classes of bacteria that utilize water?
- Halophiles: High salt
- Osmophiles: high osmolarity/sugar
- Resistant to dessication
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What two bacteria commonly form spores?
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What bacteria form cell wall modifications?
Mycobacterium
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Which is more dangerous, BSL-1 or BSL-4?
BSL-4
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What is the most important method to reduce transmission of pathogens?
Hand washing
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To use an alcohol wash, what should be its concentration?
>62% alcohol
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Three methods of bacterial transmission
- 1) Contact
- 2) Droplet >5micrometers
- 3) Airborne <5micrometers
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Name the three decontamination materials?
- Critical
- Semi-critical
- Non-critical
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What is Critical?
contact with sterile tissue or vascular system
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What is semi-critical?
contact w/ non-intact skin or mucous membranes
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What is non-critical?
no contact with mucous membranes or sterile tissue
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What is sterilization?
destroys all microbial life + spores
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What is disinfection?
destroys nearly all microbial life
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What is decontamination?
reduces microbes to acceptable level
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What is cleaning?
remove visible dirt
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Name the four microbial control methods?
- Dry heat
- Moist heat
- Filtration
- Radiation
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How long should water be boiled to be safe?
1 minute
-
how long should medical instruments be sterilized?
20-30 minutes
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What is the common method and temp for pasteurization?
- Method: HTST (high temp, short time)
- Temp: 72C for 15s
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What is more effective than dry heat at eliminating spores and denaturing proteins?
Autoclaving
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What are the three UV Radiations?
UVA, UVB, UVB
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Range and example of UVA?
long 400-315 - Blacklight
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Range and example of UVB?
medium 315-280 - Vitamin D & sunburns
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Range and example of UVC?
Short 280-100 - germicidal (won't penetrate atmosphere)
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What rays penetrate packaging?
Gamma rays
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diff b/t cidal and static?
- cidal: Dead
- Static: not dead but not growing
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What are the two tests for chemical agent classification?
- MBC: Minimum bactericidal concentration
- MIC: Minimum inhibitory concentration
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What is biocide?
kills living organisms (antimicrobials and pesticides)
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What is antimicrobial?
kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms
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What is disinfectant?
kills or inhibits growth of microbes on objects or surfaces
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What is antiseptic?
kills or inhibits growth of microbes on living tissue (mouthwash)
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What is Antibiotic?
Kills or inhibits bacteria
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Name the three levels of disinfectants?
-
What is high-level disinfectant?
kills all microorganisms except spores
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What is intermediate disinfectant?
kills mycobacteria, veg. bacteria, viruses and fungi but not spores
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What is low level disinfectant?
Kills veg. bacteria, some viruses and fungi, but not spores
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Six common topic/oral antiseptics?
- Alcohol
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Iodine
- Heavy metal compounds
- Phenol compounds
- Quaternary ammonium compounds
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When is an alcohol cleaner ineffective?
When in presence of organic material (should clean debris off first)
-
When is alcohol more affective?
When diluted w/ water
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What three chemicals can't be autoclaved?
- Aldehydes
- Ethylene oxide
- Peroxides
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