Biology ch 53

a group of individuaks of a single species living in the same general area

explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations

• the number of individuals per unit area or volume.
• increases by birthda/immigration
• decreases by deaths/emmigration

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

clumped

individuals in patches, usually around a required resource

• animals that defend territories territories often show a uniform pattern
• often the result of antagonistic behavior

• unpredictable spacing
• not common; there is usually a reason for spacing

the study of vital statistics of a population, especially birth and death rates

• traits that affect an organism's schedulen of reproduction and survival
• evolutionary, not conscious

• when reproduction begins/age of sexual maturation
• how often it reproduces
• number of offsrping per reproduction

• population growth under ideal conditions
• any species is capable if resources are abundant

the maximum population size that a certain environment can support at a particular time with no degradation of the habitat

selection of life history traits that are sensitive to population density and carrying capacity

selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success

a death rate that rises as population density rises and a birth rate that falls as population density rises

when a death rate does not change with increase in population density

• occurs when a population goes from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates
• takes about 150 years to complete- death rate falls first (increased medical care/sanitation). Falling birth rates take much longer, which delays it

• examnies the total land and water are needed for all the resources a person consumes in a population
• 1.7 hectares per person is sustainable
• 10 hectares is average

• a sampling technique used to estimate the size of animal populations
• Tag ("mark") individuals of a population. After these mix back in, they capture & tag more. The number of marked animals recaptured (x) divided by the total number recaptured (n) should equal the number of individuals marked and released in the first sampling (m) divided by the estimated population size
• x/n = m/N

the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals

age-specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population

a group of individuals of the same age

a plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age

• fertility schedule
• an age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population

an organism produces all of their offspring in a single event

• adults produce offspring over many years
• repeated reproduction

the per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the carrying capacity is reached

focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in the size of populations

a group of spatitally separated populations of one species that interact through immigration and emigration.

a shift from rapid population growth in which birth rate outpaces death rate to zero population growth characterized by low birth rates and death rates

the relative number of individuals of each age in the population